Monday, December 30, 2019

What Is Wrong With Our Educational System Of Today

America, the land of opportunity, the land of differing opinions. Our great nation has, once more, slipped into the thoughts and practices of yesteryear. With the common core state standards and the educational reform movement in general, the entire country needs to take a giant step back and look at the issues we are faced with. How did we get to this point? What do we do now? Through explanation of the history of education, the common core, and possible outcomes of these standards, I will hope to answer the big question; what is wrong with our educational system of today? Humble Beginnings American education has always been in a stumble-and-fall situation. In the early 19th century, we were only beginning to grasp the idea that we needed more consistent schools, no matter where or who the students were. In the 1800’s America was growing exponentially, both geographically and governmentally; the civil war started and ended, we saw the start of the industrial revolution, and we saw the rise of many different forms and levels of education. All of these political and economic changes weighed heavily on America, which reinforced the fact that education is vital to a growing nation. According to â€Å"Your Introduction to Education†, the school system that we see today has it’s roots in the common schools of the 19th century (Powell 204). Horace Mann was the mastermind behind this reform and urged people to support schooling for all children, not just wealthy white males. With theShow MoreRelatedEducation And The Intellectual Era Of Enlightenment1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe educational system that we have today was built in the intellectual era of enlightenment. 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My frustration is a byproduct of the failure in the educational system to progress and acclimatize justRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau Critique1360 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative education (Entwistle in Bayley, 89) describes many valid concepts which are still applied in todays educational system. Although his philosophy is reasonable in terms of its ideas, his contradictions make it such that it would be difficult to apply realistically as pedagogy. Rousseau was a French philosopher of the eighteenth century, he argued that children should not be told what to learn, instead t hey should learn for themselves through experiences and his pedagogies of negative educationRead MoreEssay What Went Wrong With Americas Schools?1500 Words   |  6 Pages What Went Wrong with Americas Schools? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Education is the key to any countries economic success. For a country to be economically sound, the business and industry within that country must be financially prosperous. In todays high tech world economy, businesses and industries need well educated employees to prosper. Therefore, the deterioration of a countries educational system should be considered a major economic problem. Between 1965 and 1980, the performance ofRead MoreIs Education A Good Thing?1358 Words   |  6 PagesIs education in our society today well rounded enough to prepare students for a successful future for themselves? â€Å"It’s time to educate the whole person, not just follow regulations and exam pathways† (Robinson.) We can all agree that having an education is a good thing, but can we really say that formal education, is really allowing a student to achieve their full potential? The system works great for information seekers, and it doesn’t really acknowledge the people who are creative, and the outRead MoreA Report On K12 Education1001 Words   |  5 Pagesrole and importance of education in our life. Starting when we were young, we have come to believe that having a proper education can lead us to better opportunities later in life. Education is planted like a seed at a very young age, and like any seeds, I believe that it is best taken c are of when it is still in the process of growing. Unfortunately, I believe that there are some policies in our educational system that need immediate attention to ensure that our future generation gets an effectiveRead MoreAn Analysis of William Edward Burghardt Du Bois Proposed Education System to the Prevalent System1085 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters and builds personalities, introvert and extrovert, pessimistic and optimistic, loving and aggressive. For a better society an improved educational system is a must, a system based on ethics and knowledge. The paper examines the work and educational principles of W.E.B. Dubois and then compares his proposed system to the currently prevalent educational system. Introduction William Edward Burghardt Du Bois is one of the greatest African Americans in history. He was born, 23rd February 1868 inRead MoreThe Code Of The Honor Code1303 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the society, especially in the educational system; however, similar to the way we enforce rules to improve the students’ actions, we must provide standards that ethically better the students. By forming our own perspective on the honor code, acknowledging that the efficiency of the honor code relies on the student bodies’ compliance to the expectations, and relating the honor code to free will, we have come to the conclusion that the present honor code in our school, Robert Vela High School, needsRead MoreThe American Education System Is Broken And Outdated1398 Words   |  6 Pageshave gone through the public school system at some point or another. Many have gotten their entire education through this medium. So, if so many of our populace is educated by public schools we would expec t that everyone within this institution would get a first rate schooling, right? That we would be giving our children the best education that money can buy? Of course, knowing our government, that dream will stay just that: a dream. The American education system is broken and outdated and we needRead MoreThe Fallacy Of Public Education1580 Words   |  7 Pageslearn by force or harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses their minds, so that you may be better able to discover with accuracy the peculiar bent of the genius of each.† -Plato For the last several decades, there has been a great return to homeschooling. Many families have seen the need to remove their children from the public education system for a variety of reasons: for religious grounds, because of a decline of morals in the public system, or to give their children an education where they

Sunday, December 22, 2019

How A City Teenager Good - 1692 Words

1 is â€Å"Footloose†. This movie is an upbeat, pop, classic musical Good 2 released in 1984. This movies soundtrack reached the number Good 3 chart on April 21, 1984. It stayed number one until June 30, Good 4 until June 30, 1984. This movie is about how a city teenager Good 5 Taylor-Corbett. She is a director, chorographer, composer, Good 6 chorographer, composer, and lyricist. She was born in Good 7 born in Denver, Colorado and works in film and theatre (most Good 8 (most notably, creating the choreography for the 1984 dance Good 9 â€Å"Footloose†). Corbett also choreographs for some dance Good 10 dance companies, both modern and ballet, and is the principal Good 11 Carolina Ballet. She choreographed the dance â€Å"Great Galloping Good†¦show more content†¦He is an American Good 24 as a guitarist. He is known for soft rock music beginning Good 25 in the 1970s, and later was known for writing and performing Good 26 in the 1980s. Thomas Righter Snow was born in 1947 in Good 27 in Princeton, New Jersey and is an American songwriter. Good 28 American songwriter. James Richard Jim Steinman was born on Good 29 on November 1, in New York City, NY. He is an American Good 30 American composer, lyricist, and Grammy Award-winning record Good 31 many hit songs. He has also worked as an arranger, pianist Good 32 as an arranger, pianist and singer. The composers worked Good 33 released on March 23, 1984 (Sweden). The movie was directed by Good 34 Herbert Ross. This movie was based off of a true story Good 35 in Elmore City. Although there were some creative liberties Good 36 with the movie, it is based on the real life fight between Good 37 where they lived. Dancing wasn’t allowed in the city of Elmore. Good 38 city of Elmore. The class of 1980 at Elmore City High School Good 39 on the matter. The students won with a vote of 3 to 2 in Good 40 rebellious spirit. It’s a classic tale of a teenage rebellion Good 41 and repression, which features a pleasant combination of Good 42 performances. Footloose† is set in a small, Middle Western Good 43 set in a small, Middle Western religious town where bopping Good 44 strictly forbidden. Into this slightly isolated climate comes Good 45 punk haircut. Although Ren tries

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Sub Level Caving Free Essays

Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence SUBLEVEL CAVING TECHNIQUE SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST ARE THE ESSENCE Author: Partha Das Sharma, B. Tech(Hons. ) in Mining Engineering, E. We will write a custom essay sample on Sub Level Caving or any similar topic only for you Order Now mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1. Introduction – Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. At first, both a raise and a network of tunnels are made. At different sublevels, jumbos are used for long hole drilling, drilling directly upwards into the roof. These holes are then charged with explosives and blasted. As the roofs cave in, the rock from the ground surface will cave in to the underground as well. Scoop trams or Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicles transport the muck, loosened rocks, to an ore pass where the rocks are lifted to the surface. Drilling and blasting takes place at different underground levels of the mine at the same time. As the blasted rock, muck, is continuously transported to the ore pass, more blasting will encourage the roof to cave in to the void and further into the drift. This is repeated until blasting, caving and transporting depletes the entire orebody. 2. Modern day Sublevel caving – The sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence controlled drilling and blasting. Sublevel caving is in many respects simple. It can be used in orebodies with very different properties and it is easy to mechanize. In sublevel caving, ore is developed from a series of sublevels spaced at regular intervals throughout the orebody. Mining begins at the top of the orebody. A series of ring patterns is drilled and blasted from each sublevel. Broken ore is mucked out after each blast and the overlying waste rock caves on top of the broken ore. This technique is inexpensive, highly mechanized and yields a large amount of muck. It is normally used in massive, steeply-dipping orebodies with considerable strike length. Since dilution and low recoveries are unavoidable, sublevel caving is used to mine lowgrade, low-value ore-bodies. However, studies are going on in various levels to eliminate the shortcoming of the system. The designs which are used and the measures which can be taken to eliminate the disadvantages are less understood. Possibly the modern version of the method was developed in the iron mines of Sweden. Over the past few years, the scale of sublevel caving has increased markedly with LKAB being a leader in this regard. Today, with the continuing push to increase mining scale, a fundamental question is whether the gravity flow principles which served as the design basis for the small-scale sublevel caving mine designs of the past can be applied at much larger scales or whether some other approach is required. In fact, in design and operating practices, sublevel caving is among the most advanced of all mining methods. Sound engineering is indispensable to its conduct. The reason is related to the complexity of the caving action and the necessity of controlling it. The increased sublevel interval requires diligence in drilling, loading and blasting practices. The advent of improved drilling technology has made increased sublevel intervals possible in the sublevel cave mine. Hydraulic tube rod drill rigs have made long ——————————————————————————————————- 2 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence up-holes accurate with less than 2% deviation. Apart, blasting pattern used has also plays very important role. Proper fragmentation and blasting efficiency is evaluated by measuring the percentage of muck which is able to pass the designated blast size. 3. Description of sublevel caving method – An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on retreat. The weight of the rock is used to assist breakage. The upper levels are mined ahead of lower levels. Broken ore is extracted from the drive before the next blast takes place. The wall rock caves in when the ore is extracted. As discussed, in sublevel caving, the hanging wall is allowed to cave in as the ore is drilled, blasted and removed. The wall caving is induced by mining the ore in controlled sequence, usually from hanging wall to footwall and from top to bottom. Sublevel caving is often used in conjunction with surface mining. Sublevel caving extracts the ore via sublevels, which are developed in the orebody at regular vertical spacing. Each sublevel features systematic layout with parallel drifts, along or across the orebody. In the wide orebody, sublevel drifts start from the footwall drive, to continue across, reaching the hanging wall. In the orebody lesser width, sublevel drifts are branched off in both directions, from a centre crosscut drive. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 3 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development volume to prepare sublevel caving is extensive, compared to other mining methods. However, development is mainly drifting to prepare sublevels. Drifting is a simple and routine job for the mechanised mine. Development of sublevels is done efficiently, in an environment of multiple faces on one sublevel available to drill rigs and loaders. A ramp connection is needed to connect different sublevels, and communicate with main transport routes. Ore passes are also required, at strategically locations along sublevels, for LHD-loaders to dump ore from sublevels, to be collected and transported on the haulage level below. —————————————————————————– ————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 4 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Lon ghole rigs drill the ore section above the drift, in a fan spread pattern. Longhole drilling is a procedure which is done independent of other jobs, often well ahead of charging. Thus, drilling and charging-blasting longholes can be timed to suit the mine’s production schedules. Blasting on each sublevel starts at the hanging wall, mining then retreats toward the footwall. Miners aim the cave to follow an approximately straight front, and adjacent drifts mined at similar pace. A section through the cave to show upper sublevels one step ahead of sublevels underneath. Blasting the longhole fan breaks the ore volume covered by the fan-pattern. As the cave is filled with fractured rock, most of the fresh ore remains in the cave, while some caves into the drift opening. Mucking out with LHD-loaders creates a cave pattern of ore and waste from above. Loading continues until the operator decides that waste dilution is too high, and stops the mucking, and transfers to a nearby drift heading with a fresh cave. In the meantime, the empty heading is occupied by the charging team, to charge next ring of longholes. Ore handling involves mucking out at the cave, transport on sublevels and dumping into ore passes. Waste dilution and ore losses are drawbacks for sublevel caving. Waste dilution varies between 15 and 40%, ore losses from 15 % to 25 %, depending on local conditions. Dilution is of less influence for orebodies with diffuse boundaries, where the host rock contains low grades minerals. Parameters directly influence flow behaviour have been found to include the geometry of the extraction layout and drives, sublevel height, blast ring design, material characteristics of the blasted and waste material, and draw control methodology. In most of the sublevel caving system blasting parameters dominate in association with recovery when compared to drawpoint and geological parameters. Generally, sublevel caving method employs use of fan drilling using long and smalldiameter holes, between sublevels or drill drifts to undercut and blast the ore-zone. An initial slot is developed at the wallrock, and vertical uphole fans are rilled in a diamond pattern from sublevel in sequence. Generally, eight holes, inclined 80 to 85 degrees toward the slot, are drilled. Hole diameter average 51 mm, Burden and Spacing vary from 1. 2 to 1. 8 m and 1. 5 to 1. 8 m respectively. Blasting is performed against broken waste rock as wall rock caves. Generally, specific-charge range from 0. 3 to 0. 4 kg/ton. 4. Below are some salient features of Sublevel caving technique: Application * Weak walls and strong ore preferred though weak ore can be mined too. * Steep dip: A vertical dip is best, while dip60 is fine too. Possibility of loss of ore in non-vertical steep dips Considerable loss of reserves in flat dips * Preferably, the ore and the rock should be easily separable * Surface should be amenable to caving (not an inhabited or the watershed area etc) ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 5 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development * Significant. Almost 20% of the ore is mine during development * Sublevels are established generally at 7. -12. 2 m vertical intervals and about 10. 7 m horizontal intervals The vertical interval is dependent on the drilling accuracy and the dip of the orebody The horizontal and vertical spacings affect the eccentricity of the cave * The size and shape of the production drift affects the draw Drift should be as wide as possible Should give good support to the back and the brows If the back is arched, the draw is mostly at the center and none on the sides If the back has to be arched for ground support, the drifts should be closer Ore remnants left behind (due to being out of reach of LHD’s) increase with height. Therefore, drift height should be as small as possible (usually about 3-3. 2 m). * Slot raises are driven at the hanging wall end of the production drift all the way up to the next level * Haulage levels driven in waste In wide orebodies, transverse layouts may be used (ore widths should be 12-15 m) Here, the production drifts are perpendicular to the strike Recovery better than longitudinal layouts Haulage drift in waste (footwall), about 9 m from ore contact. This distance is maintained so that blasting does not occur too close to it. Diamond drilling is done to obtain ore boundaries so that the haulage drift is neither too close nor too far away. o o * Ramps may be driven at 15 -18 , to production levels to provide access * Long, fan holes drilled 70-80 degrees forward (about 8 holes Production totaling 100 m in a ring) * Side holes, if drilled, should be steeper than 70 degree Side holes reduce length of holes driven up from the level below If flat holes drilled to the sides, however, the blasted material from the side holes cannot be extracted from the working level. Therefore, the neighboring fan hole blasted material does not get enough room to expand * Brows should be supported if necessary If brows collapse, ore floods the drift and covers some rings Also, the loader has problems loading as the ore does not stack high If brows are uneven, the ore funnels down the high spots ——————————————————————————————————- 6 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence If sloughing or high brows are noticed from development, it may be decided to blast more than 2 rings just to advance through the area * If drilling is not accurate, a bridge/arch may be left in the stope Re-slotting may become necessary * Powder factor high as blasting is always against blasted muck (almost twice that of blasting against an open face) * LHD’s used for mucking * Good ventilation necessary as all working faces are dead ends * Productivity is quite high (about 36 ton/miner-shift) Comments * High dilution from caved waste. Ore losses occur as well since not all mined ore can be recovered. * Ore/waste flow cannot be predicted accurately prior to mining. * Probably the most economical when mining in weak strata * Development openings are not kept open for the entire life of mine. Once a level is extracted, the development openings are consumed. * Safe, since all mining activities are in small, protected openings. * High degree of mechanization possible. 5. Discussion on ore flow, drilling and blasting for efficient workings: * Fragmentation is of key importance to sublevel cave stope. Proper fragmentation of the ore column resulted in improved efficiency for the other mine operations and was critical to recovery. * Underground observations indicate that the draw-points must be wide enough to account for inconsistent blast results and provide regular flow. * The draw-point width determines the width and flow strength of the central channel which is important to achieving high recovery of the ring. * The middle holes of the ring are fired first and can make first use of the swell volume offered by the underlying sublevel drift. * The central holes are drilled subvertical, fairly parallel, and relatively close to one another. The result is a relatively high and uniform specific charge compared to the other holes in the round. Thus, one would expect the best, most uniform fragmentation. * The ore material in the central part of the round can make the best use of the effect of gravity in directing it to the drawpoint. * All of the material in the fan is drilled and blasted. * Because of the fan geometry, the amount of explosive/unit volume and hence the fragmentation varies throughout the fan. * The ore material in the centre part of the fan and the lower part of the fan has a much higher specific charge than that at the boundaries of the ring. Furthermore, the â€Å"cave† which lies in front of the blasted slice is an eclectic mixture of waste rock and ore remnants. * Its mobility varies with location and with time (it changes with the extraction geometry). —————————————————— ————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 7 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Finally, most rock materials upon being blasted would like to bulk (swell) of the order of 50%. In sublevel caving, it is the sublevel drift located at the bottom end of the fan which is the primary provider of swell space for the ore in the ring. * It has been observed that, increased amounts of oversize in the ring decreases recovery, proving the importance of proper fragmentation for sublevel cave operation. * Recoveries could be less than 60% if the ring is composed of 30% oversize. The oversize in the draw-point reduces the mobility of the ore, thus preventing high recovery. * Effective blast patterns also take into consideration the amount of benching. High powder factors are also required to reduce benching but may create excessive blast damage and over-break. * Practical solutions, such as, the blast pattern, blasthole size, primer sequencing, powder factor and degree of fragmentation are to be considered in order to be efficient. 6. Design parameters and some preliminary design rules – Design parameters in sublevel caving are largely a function of caving mechanics, the branch of rock mechanics related to the breakage and collapse of consolidated materials in place and their flow downward by gravity. Although, the ore has to be drilled and blasted, the overlying rock comprising capping or hanging wall is undercut and caves. Extremely careful controls must be exercised in drawing the ore to avoid excessive dilution. Draw control is the practice of regulating the withdrawal of ore in the sublevel crosscuts so as to optimize the economics of draw. Preliminary design rules: * Sublevel drift size (width (Wd) and height (Hd): determined based on equipment. * Sublevel interval (HS): the theoretical maximum value is based on the ability to drill long, straight holes. This, in turn, is based on the hole diameter (D). The actual limit is based on recovery and dilution considerations which are due to managing ore/waste pulsation. * Hole diameter (D): based on the available drilling equipment and the ability to charge long holes. * Spacing of the sublevel drifts (Sd): Sd = (2. 4 to 2. 7) Wd * Ring spacing (Burden B): Based upon the damage radius (Rd): B = 2 Rd Where: Rd/rh = 20 ( Peexp/PeANFO)? ( 2. 65/? rock)? ? Rd = damage radius (m); rh = hole radius (m); Peexp = explosion pressure for the explosive; PeANFO = explosion pressure for ANFO = 1600 MPa; ? ock = rock density (g/cm3); 2. 65 = density of typical rock (g/cm3). * Hole toe spacing (ST): based upon the burden ST = 1. 3 B. * Spacing for parallel holes (SP): based upon the burden SP = B. * Front inclination: 70–80 degrees (forward). Example: If it is assumed that: D = 115 mm; Drift dimensions: 7 m wide by 5 m high; Explosive: emulsion (Pe Exp = 3900 MPa); Rock density = 4. 6 g/cm3; Suble vel interval: 25 m based on drilling ability and control of pulsation. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. ail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 8 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence One finds that the remaining dimensions are: Sublevel drift spacing: 17–19 m; Burden: 2. 7 m; Toe spacing (fanned): 3. 5 m; Toe spacing (parallel): 3 m; Front inclination: 80 degree selected. 7. Experience from LKAB, Sweden – Sub-level caving (SLC) is an important mass mining method, used at LKAB. The caved rock or debris at the SLC interface reduces the fragmentation and the swelling of the blasted ring and it dissipates the explosive energy. These phenomena may immobilize the blasted ring, causing ore losses. There are two major factors that influence the mobilization of the blasted ring, fragmentation and swelling of the blasted material. The caving process is influenced by also the stiffness of the waste rock, which is dependent in some way by the compaction that the blast ring contributes to. By using the acoustic impedance between the blasted material and the confining debris, a relationship for both fragmentation and compaction have been found depending on material, specific charge and physical properties of the debris. Regression analysis has been used for both tasks, where the two statistical hypotheses clearly have good agreement with actual data i. e. the prediction models can forecast both the fragmentation and compaction for this set-up with reasonable accuracy The results can be comparable with confined blasting in large scale, this both that it have representative design parameters that fulfil in many ways the scaling laws and the second is that it can be linked to other comparisons between large-scale and small-scale, where the similarities have been shown. LKAB’s Malmberget – The Malmberget mine consists of about 20 orebodies, of which ten are currently mined. Most of the deposit consists of magnetite ore, but non-magnetic hematite also occurs. The present main level of the Malmberget mine is at a depth of 1000 meters. About 14 Mt of crude ore is extracted from the orebodies each year. Development – The first stage of mining is drift development. A drift is a tunnel that is driven into the rock. Development involves construction of new areas of the mine where ore can be extracted. A development project begins with construction documents prepared by the mine planning department. Each year, the mine planning department orders development work on the basis of the forecast demand for products as well as current knowledge of the status of the orebody. A development drift goes right through the orebody. Drifts are driven with electrichydraulic drill rigs. For each charge, as many as 60 holes are drilled. Each hole is about 5 meters deep. When all the holes are drilled, they are charged with explosives. The charge is blasted at night. The loose ore is then hauled out by a front loader. This procedure is repeated until the entire development drift has been driven. The drifts can be up to 80 meters long. If necessary, the walls and ceiling of the drift are reinforced with rock bolts and/or shotcrete. When development is complete, i. e. , when several drifts have been driven in the same area, the next stage of mining can begin; namely, production drilling. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. ordpress. com/ 9 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Production drilling – Slices of ore are drilled up with remote-controlled production drilling rigs. From their control rooms, the operators (drillers) operate sever al drill rigs out in the production areas via remote control. The rig drills upwards into the ore, forming fan-shaped patterns of holes. There are 10 drill holes in each series. They are normally about 40-45 meters deep. The holes are straight, so that subsequent charging with explosive and blasting can be done efficiently. When a pattern of holes has been drilled, the rig is moved back three meters, then drilling of the next pattern begins. About 20 of these patterns will be drilled in an 80-meter drift. Once drilling is completed in the entire drift, the holes can charged with explosive. Blasting – A robot injects explosive into the drill holes in one pattern. The explosive is manufactured by LKAB’s own explosives company. Blasting is done every night. Each round brings down about 10,000 tonnes of ore. When the blast has been ventilated, loading with wheeled loaders can begin. Then, the next pattern is charged, etc. The procedure is repeated until the entire drift has been mined out. 8. Conclusion – Caving methods have become the underground bulk mining methods of choice and expected to continue in the foreseeable future. The growing popularity of caving methods around the world is largely due to the very low production cost and the intrinsic safety associated with this mining approach. It is often the only viable mining method for some of the lower grade massive orebodies that are becoming too deep for open pit mining. Caving of strong rock masses has ecome accepted practice even though there are still some challenges to be resolved. Strategically, most medium and large mining companies are operating or planning to operate a caving mine. Codelco’s El Teniente mine in Chile and the LKAB Kiruna Mine in Sweden are among the largest and most famous caving operations in the world. Australia’s leading caving operations include Rio Tintoâ₠¬â„¢s Northparkes mines, BHP Billiton Nickel West’s Perseverance Mine and Newcrest’s Telfer and Ridgeway gold mines. References: * Kvapil, R , â€Å"Subleve l Caving†, Underground Mining Methods Handbook. â€Å"d Edit ion, Vol. 2. , H. L. Hartman, ed. , SME. Littleton, CO, 1992, p. 1789. * Geddes, P. J. , â€Å"Swedish Drilling and Blasting Practice†, Trans. Int. Min. Metail. , 1 986, Sect. A. , V. 95, p. 204-207. * Alatalo. R. , Heden, H. and Ronnback, L. , ‘large Scale Sublevel Caving in LKAB Malmberget Mine†, Proc. Int. Sym. Large Scale Underground hfining, Nov. 1985, V. 7. Lulea, p. 139- 145. * Baase, R. A. , Diment, W. D. , and Petrina, A. J. , â€Å"Sublevel Caving at Craigmont Mines Ltd. â€Å", Underground Mining Methods Handbook, W. A. Hustrulid, ed.. SME, New York, 1982, p. 898. Chatterjee, P. K. , Just, G. D. , and Ham, G. I.. ‘Sub-level caving simulation of 3000 pillar-recovery operation at Mount Isa mine. Australia† . Tram inst . min. Met.. Sect. A. , V. 88.. Oct. 1979, p. Al47-Al55. ——————————————————————————————————- 10 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: sharmapd1@gmail. com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Cox, LA. , â€Å"Latest Developments and Draw Control in Sublevel Caving†, Trans. Int. Min Metall. , 1967, V. 76, p. A149-159. * Hustrulid. A. , â€Å"Sublevel Cave Mining at LKAB Kinina Mine†. iNCO presentation Aug. 1995. * Bull, G. and Page, C. H. (2000) Sublevel caving – today’s dependable low-cost ‘ore factory’, in Proceedings MassMin 2000, G. Chitombo (ed), 29 October to 2 November 2000, Brisbane, Australia, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 537–556. * Hustrulid, W. and Kvapil, R. (2008) Sublevel Caving – past and future, in Proceedings 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining, MassMin 2008, H. Schunnesson and How to cite Sub Level Caving, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Conceptual Framework of Financial Reporting - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. What is your firms tax expense in its latest financial statements? 2. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 3. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 4. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 5. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 6. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? 7. What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answers: Answer 1 The annual report of JB Hi-Fi Company has reflected that owners equity, contributed equity, reserve and retained earnings have been considered. However, in order to save the tax payment to government, company has planned to increase the debt portion in its balance sheet. Owners equity is divided into three specific parts (Bekaert and Hodrick, 2017). The stakeholders equity section of JB HI FI Limited Include Contributed Equity Reserve Retained Earning Contributed capital also called Paid in capital. It is the amount of cash and other assets that shareholder had given to the corporation in exchange for stock. Contributed capital is an element of the total amount of equity recorded by an organisation. It can be shown in separate account within the stake holders equity section of the balance sheet. However, with the increase in the income, company has been paying increased total tax payment throughout the time. The equity capital investment in JB Hi-Fi Company has been increasing throughout the time. This level of business functioning and increasing equity capital of JB Hi-Fi Company will decrease the financial leverage and risk associated with the capital solvency of company. In 2013, JB Hi-Fi Company had AUD $ 243 million investment which has increased by somewhere around 400% in 2017 and shown equity capital of company AUD $ 854 million throughout the time (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Reserves are the portion of the businesss profit which has been set aside to strengthen the businesss financial position. Reserve is often used to purchase fixed assets, to repay debts, to fund expansion, bonuses and dividend repayment. There can be two kind of reserve Capital reserve and Revenue reserve. The retained earnings of a corporation are the accumulated net income of the corporation that is retained by the corporation at a particular point of time such as at the end of the reporting period. Retained earnings is the amount which has not been paid by company as dividend but retain by company which would be plugged back in business ,to pay dept. or can be utilise to grab new opportunity in business world. Equity (Amount in dollar million) ($M) 2017 2016 Contributed equity 438.7 49.3 Reserve 33.7 27.1 Retained earning 381.6 328.3 Total equity 853.5 404.7 Answer 2 JB Hi-Fi Company s tax expense in its latest financial statements It is evaluated that tax is the amount of money which is paid by the JB Hi-Fi Company to government. It is charged on the profit earned by company. However, by evaluating annual report of JB Hi-Fi Company, it is considered that company has been paying high tax amount and did not use proper capital structure to reduce its tax payment throughout the time (Cucchiella, Gastaldi and Trosini, 2017). Particular(AUD $ in million) 2016 2017 Income tax expenses 86.8 65.6 This above given table shows that company has decreased its tax payment throughout the time. In 2016, company was paying AUD $ 86.8 million tax payment which went down by 20% in 2017 and resulted to payment of tax of AUD $ 65.6 million. It is considered that company has increased the debt portion and interest payment. However, company has increased the overall return in 2017 as compared to last year. At the same time, company has increased the interest payment and other tax deductible expenses which reduced the tax payment throughout the time. In addition to this, in 2016, JB Hi-Fi Company was having AUD $ 7.8 million differed tax amount which has been reduced to zero (Deresky, 2017). Answer 3 Tax rate figure of the JB Hi-Fi Company and its comparison with the tax deduction from the overall accounting income After evaluating the annual report of company it is considered that firms tax expenses shown in the balance sheet is not the same amount of tax rate times firms accounting income. JB Hi-Fi Company has paid tax expenses AUD $ 65.6 million in 2017 which includes deferred tax amount as well. On the other hand, company tax rate times firms accounting income would be charged with the amount of accounting income *30% tax rate i.e. 259*30%= AUD $ 77.7 million. The total tax differences between firms tax expense in its latest financial statements and the company tax rate times firms accounting income is AUD $ 12.1 million. Reason for the differences between firms tax expense in its latest financial statements and the company tax rate times firms accounting income is the inclusion of deffered tax in balance sheet and differences between the treatment of taxation amount as per the accounting income and taxations rules and regulation. The divergence between these two taxes arises due to two main reasons. First is related to differences between items of revenue and expenses shown in the profit and loss account and the items which are noted as revenue, expenses and deduction for tax purpose. For instance, Depreciation accounting, bed debts accounting, recording of donations in financial statement is different as per the accounting and income tax provision which is given in AASB-112. In accordance with the matching concept, taxes on incomes are accrued in the same period as the revenue and the amount of expenses to which they relates. Answer 4 Deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet Deferred Tax The annual report of JB Hi-Fi Company has reflected that in its latest financial statements deferred tax liabilities $8.2 million. Deferred tax should be recognised and carried forward only to the extent that there is a reasonably certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised. Yes JB HI FI Limited is having deferred tax liabilities in the year 2017, which is shown in the liabilities side of the balance sheet. In current practice companies in general prepare books of accounts as per Corporation Act and AASB. Accounting income and taxable income prepared are seldom same and that is the reason behind creating DTA/DTL. If accounting income is higher than the taxable income then it will be shown in the deferred assets side and if it is lower than the taxable income then it will be shown in the deferred tax liabilities. For instance, if company find that due the different between accounting and income tax provisions, if company has charged higher tax on its revenue and as per the accounting rules and regulation then all the excess tax payment will be shown on the assets side of the balance sheet as deferred assets. On the other hand, if company has charged lower tax on its revenue and as per the accounting rules and regulation as compared to tax accounting frameworks then all the short tax payment will be shown on the balance side of the balance sheet as deferred liabilities. Deferred tax amount is shown in the liabilities side of balance sheet will be considered as there is chances of paying tax amount to government in the future. Particular (AUD $ million) 2017 2016 Deferred tax liabilities 8.2 0 Answer 5 Current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company, This is the amount of tax payment charged on the profit of company. The current tax payable by company is AUD $ 4.9 million in 2016 which went up to AUD $ 9 million in 2017 (Elad, 2016). YES there is income tax payable recorded by JB Hi-Fi company with the amount of AUD $ 9 million. The company report income tax expenses in its income statement while income tax payable is the actual amount that the company owes in taxes, based on the rule of tax code. It appears on the balance sheet as a liability until the company actually pays the tax bill. In addition to this, deferred tax payment of company is AUD $ 8.5 million which have not been recognized by the company in that particular year. Particular(AUD $ in million) 2016 2017 Income tax payable 4.9 9 Why income tax expenses is not same as the income tax payable It is considered that Income tax expenses charged on profit of current years which is paid only on the current year profit. On the other hand, Income tax liabilities is the accumulation of outstanding tax expenses which covers all the past, present and future tax implication on the business of JB Hi-Fi company. Income tax expenses is the component of the profit and loss account and on other hand, income tax payable is part of the balance sheet. Answer 6 Cash flow statement is accompanied with the cash inflow and outflow of money in the particular year. Amount paid for income tax shown in cash flow statement is $98.5 million which includes all the tax payment by the company in current year. It may include tax payment related to past present and future tax implication of the company. On the other hand, income tax payment shown in the profit and loss account is the tax expenses charged on the profit and loss of company for the current year. Nonetheless, tax expenses paid and recorded in the profit and loss of the company is done as per the income tax rules AASB-122. On the other hand, cash flow statement reflects the total amount of cash outflow of income tax expenses recorded in the CFS of company. Income tax expenses shown in income statement are $ 86.8 million hence it is not the same. Income statement of company reflects the income and expenses of company occurred in the particular year. This amount is shown in the financial activi ties of cash flow of business. Therefore, after seeing the financial statement of company, it could be inferred that income tax expense shown in the income statement is not same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement due the payment of income tax related to particular year and charged on the profit to the same year (Kundakchyan and Zulfakarova, 2014). Answer 7 Treatment of tax in your firms financial statements JB Hi-Fi Company has recorded its entire tax amount which is charged on the revenue as revenue expenses and shown in its income statement. Interesting thing about the recorded its entire tax a mount It is evaluated that JB Hi-Fi Company has recorded its all tax expenses on the basis of following proper IFRS rules and GAAP standards. The interesting thing about the recording of income tax payment by company in its books of account is done by considering its future and present implication of tax payment on the business (Laudon and Traver, 2013). Surprising thing about the recorded its entire tax a mount The main surprising thing about the JB Hi-Fi Company is related to blockage of funds in its business. It is evaluated that company has blocked more funds in its deferred tax payment which may increase the overall cost of capital and reduce the capital blockage in its business. This JB Hi-Fi Company is proactive in managing the tax payment by following double taxation avoidance agreement. It is considered that if company makes payment to government then with the same time, company reduce its deferred tax liabilities. Difficulty to understand It is evaluated that JB Hi-Fi Company has establish harmonization in its IFRS rules and GAAP standards while recording of its tax payment. It is considered that due to the complexity of the accounting rules and cumbersome recording process, it becomes hard for the stakeholders to bifurcate deferred tax payment and simple tax payment. After evaluating the IFRS rules, I have considered that I know all the rules and recording of tax payment then I could easily identify the areas which company could focus to reduce its tax payment. In addition to this, on the basis of this information, I could easily determine whether company is following proper corporate governance policies and frameworks to increase its overall outcomes. This level of understanding will help me to identify all the pros and cons of paying tax payment to government and its impact on the business efficiency of company. There is several tax planning methods which company should follow to reduce its tax burden and increase the efficiency of the business. In addition to this, company could also use the deferred tax payment to reduce its tax burden throughout the time. References Bekaert, G. and Hodrick, R., 2017.International financial management. Cambridge University Press. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Cucchiella, F., DAdamo, I. and Gastaldi, M., 2015. Financial analysis for investment and policy decisions in the renewable energy sector.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,17(4), pp.887-904. Cucchiella, F., Gastaldi, M. and Trosini, M., 2017. Investments and cleaner energy production: A portfolio analysis in the Italian electricity market.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, pp.121-132. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. 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