Advanced Maternal Age

Women in the United States argon experiencing unprecedented opportunities to pursue program line and professional c beers. One potential drop down side to this situation is that women detect themselves put optionting off starting a family until they complete their education and experience comfortable in their employment. In many cases this can extend into the adult females late 30s or even primaeval 40s. Advanced maternal progress may also affirm negative effects on fertility rate and the bug outcomes of a successful maternal quality. Considering wholly the factors, a woman should consider putting off starting a family and public figure a course as long as she has enlightened herself on all the risks of march on maternal while.For years, women hasten been under the assertion that as long as they were agreeing electric shaverren under the age of 35, fertility and child mortality were at a minimum. Recent studies restrain shown that this hypothesis is far from the truth and may eliminate child target for those women who wait into their late 30s and early 40s to start having children. program line for women by gynecologists and obstetricians has been insufficient and most women are . . . surprisedeven floorto learn that fertility begins to fall in their late 20s (Hatcher, 2002). Most women are finding out too late that they have simply put off having children too long and are at once unable to bear children without intervention. Fertility treatments are an expensive option, but are only available to those that can afford the treatments that insurance does not cover.Pregnancies that do occur at advanced maternal age have debase success rates. Increased maternal age, typically over the age of 35, carries higher(prenominal) jeopardys of miscarriage higher increases in pregnancy complications like high dividing line pressure, diabetes, and placental problems and increased chance of having a child with a chromosomal disorder (Childrens Specia list, 2007). The good news is that medical advances in antepartum and perinatal care have diminished the effects that many of these complications have on pregnancies at advanced maternal age. Safe pregnancies after the age of 35 are occurring at much higher rates with advanced blood testing and ultrasounds that support early detection and treatment of potential problems.For many modern women, pursuing education and professional careers are the norm. more than women than ever in history are pursuing careers, not adept jobs that add extra income. Most career paths obligate years to build in order to reach the top of success. The drive to achieve and come through has pushed many women toward putting off starting a family till their careers are firmly on track. With medical care assisting to make child bearing in later years safer, women are choosing to put careers in the first place family. There are many emoluments for women to wait to start a familyfiscal stability Relationsh ip stability Increased maturity Increased animateness experiences Larger support networks Better education Although these advantages may be hold for a younger go, the chance of a woman having all the advantages increases with age. These advantages allow the mother to provide the surpass possible start for the child and to be the best mother she has the potential to be.The dilemma remains that when women take themselves out of the workforce to bear a child, a disadvantage occurs when compared to male counterparts. An financial statement can be made that a woman with an established career and older age may have a better chance of regaining status once she returns to work due to her previous turn out results and successes. A younger woman just starting out in a career and taking a leave of absence to bear a child will not have a legitimate track record to fall back on once she returns to work. The advantage that an advance maternal age woman has may be the variance between a su ccessful return to a career rather than being passed over for those who are not choosing to bear children. The dilemma to put off childbearing looms large for many career women and must be considered along with the risks of advanced maternal age.There is hope for women who choose to honor twain children and careers. Proper education, healthy lifestyles, current medical advances, and pure determination help women of advanced maternal age have the balanced lives they desire. While it is adjust that fertility declines in the late 20s and that . . . women perform best at childbearing when they are young. . . (Gosden, 1995), these factors should not be the only love when choosing between careers and families. For reasons still far from clear, human evolution has allowed the female productive system to age faster than other body parts (Gosden, 1995). The psychogenic aspect of child rearing and career advancement need to be fully considered. Physically, advanced maternal age does car ry risks to both mother and fetus, but medical advances have severely reduced the chances of unsuccessful pregnancy outcomes. Mentally, women who have built successful careers are better fit to essay children in later years rather than rushing to bear children in early years to avoid the physical risk.In all, advanced maternal age carries risks with fertility and successful pregnancy outcomes, but as long as the woman is educated on these risks, putting off child bearing should be considered in order to foster a successful career. medical advances have decreased pregnancy risks and advanced maternal age women should take full advantage to have a balanced life fill up with both career and family.ReferencesChildrens Specialists. 2007. Pregnancy over the Age of 35. San Diego perinatal Center. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http//childrensspecialists.com/body.cfm?id=460Top.Gosden, R. 1995. Delayed Childbearing. BMJ. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http//www.bmj.com/cgi/conte nt/full/311/7020/1585.Hatcher, T. 2002. Careers and Babies Fertility moderate Underscores Dilemma. CNN Health May 2, 2002. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http//archives.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/04/30/fertility.women/index.html .

“Mean Girls” and its sociological structure Essay

Sociology is everywhere we look, it is everything we atomic number 18, and can be describe with everything we do. Mean girls is a very ordinary film in todays society. It agnisems as though tidy sum of all g give noticeer, sex, age, race, ethnicity, and class has seen this movie and can disturb to some aspect of it. Mean girls portrays the rough life of high schoolhouse and the galore(postnominal) cliques it has in place. It shows the many challenges students and teachers go finished to get to the end of the year. In this movie I have seen many sociological themes. umteen people in todays society go with challenging things in our lives and high school is a teenagers worse one. From discrimination to power, property, and prestige this movies depicts it all.As portrayed in (fundamentalsofsoc) the best-selling(predicate) girls also known as the plastics ascendency the school in which they accompany. They delay it by have good looks, money, Popularity, and power. They recei ve all the material items treasured because their p arnts can afford it with the exception of Cady. Originally in that location are three plastics Regina George which is the leader of the group. Gretchen Wieners, and Karen Smith. Cady, a transfer student from Africa get the special and old request to join their clique. There is a sub- click that Cady is a get of and that includes Janis Ian and Damian. Everyone in the school wants to be Regina George, so they copy everything she does. After Cady and Regina go for the same guy Cady wants to ruin the plastics because she and Janis which was out casted by Regina feel same the school would be better off without the hierarchy and social control that Regina creates.The movie starts off with a stereotype. Stereotype defined as a widely held but fixed and over simplified image or motif of a particular type of person or thing. Cady sits down at the Plastics table after being peer- pressured into joining them during lunch and she gets questioned because the popular girls know everybody in the school and they had not seen her before. This is an example of social interaction. Cady mentions that she salutary transferred here from Africa. Gretchen Wieners goes about saying If youre from Africa then why you are white. This shows thestereotype of Americans believing that all people that live in Africa are African American. This also happens with other cultures as well. They lay out a map of the cafeteria and who sits where and we see then that people are characterized in item cliques such as JV jocks, Asian nerds, and black hot ties and many other cliques people are set to be in. We also see that Cadys culture is different from the common high school teenager. Cady does not partake in common teenage girl practices, she does not check makeup, or dress provocative.Regina, Gretchen, and Karen have rich parents. They use their wealthiness as power against everyone they know. Since they have everything there is a lot of jealousy in the air, also Gretchen uses her wealth against the principle. When she is called into the office because of a burn book concomitant she says I dont think my father, the inventor of toaster strudel, would be too happy to hear about this. She believes that her parents wealth allow get her out of trouble which it does not. Regina she uses her property as her power. She as the biggest house, the biggest room and the nicest car. Showing off her property gives her power. When Cady and Janis try to ruin the plastics shows the freak out against the governing body is seen a lot in other cultures. In a natural society there are always people that oppose the government and try to Bring it down.In the middle of the movie Cady has a role conflict. She was supposed to go to Maddison with her parents, but her friends wanted her to do other stuff that night as well. She had to choose the role in which she wanted to partake in. She choose the role of a teenager. She threw a party. In the end Cady and Regina are both hated by the school and the plastics is no longer a governing body. The Plastics join other school clicks and everyone seems to be at peace until a new generation of plastics appear. It made a point that although one change occurred. That does not mean future generations will change. A change cannot occur over a generation unless there are people to pass the knowledge down the line. Which is why we repositing cultural knowledge in books, films and media sources. Mean girls shows many sociological themes through the entire movie which all involved social interaction and the biggest idea of the movie social class.Works citedFundamentalsofsoc.edublogs.org//media-representation-of-mean-girls/ Dictionary.reference.com/browse/definition

Deception, greed, and extreme pressure

Misrepresentation, rapaciousness, and farthest long suit per unit atomic number 18a led to the death of Enron ( Beenen and Pinto, 2009 ) . Employees get the ability to withdraw respectable issues from these complications of self-centeredness and supply clear exposition employees need to separate between negligible issues typical of work livelihood and critical issues that threaten a companionship s ethical environment. estimable issues come with enticements and menaces. By understanding menaces to forces involvements, options forget originate to implement rectification. change of location along with the crowd tidy sum concealment immediate calling involvements whereas resiting can set position, calling and household well world at hazard. By pass judgment ethical opening, this can move as a guideline for a human resource ( HR ) handler to take and manage the issues of opportunism.DeGeorge ( 2010 ) defines utilitarianism as an act of moral significance established by its engagement to go for the most sum of sound for the most figure of people. This is based on the ability to anticipate the exercises of an action as the fill that succumbs to the superlative benefit, to the bulk of people, is the pick that is ethically honorable.Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) place that corrupt politicss, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Enron, act unethically by determinations, that atomic number 18 normally, made by a group of senior employees to sugar the administration. Decisions made by Jeff Skilling ( senior director ) to cook the accountancy books may hold been, in his sentiment, as an ethically right mortalal manner to profit the stockholders and stakeholders, by portraying a concentrated fiscal image. Howalways, the effectuate of this action did nt make the most sum of goodness for the most sum of people. Alternatively self-interest influenced unethical behavior by agencies of greed and force per unit ara from Wall Street to profit, non the adm inistration as a whole but, Jeff Skilling and direction, personally, for fiscal addition. Rational opportunism is good heretofore greed is finally damaging ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .While the surmisal of utilitarianism will ever reason to profit the bulk, it can besides pretermit the minority ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins ability to do judgement that Enron s accounting criterions were humble created a regulation utilitarianism attack with respects to the jurisprudence and the concern with equity pursuit to profit the bulk of people. Therefore, added benefits of regulation utilitarianism values justness and includes beneficence at the afore take noteed(prenominal) clip.In the eyes of a HR director, by fetching action the bulk of the stakeholders would profit from a moral administration adhering to their codification of behavior, carry oning equity in all of their concern activities. However, an issue with this determination, man sherron was commended for making the right occasion, pictureed that her actions to pretermit the corrupt senior direction squad ( minority ) for the stakeholders ( bulk ) for a more ethical workplace started to inflicted persecute to the full concern. Cable, News, Network ( CNN ) ( 2002 ) stated that Enron filed for settlement, people lost their transactions, some connected self-destruction and m any were idle. Sherron may hold been hitchking to make the right ( and hard ) thing but it may non hold been the best manner to acquire in front. Her opportunism was traveling to go a effect for the bulk and she was unable to foretell the future so as to see how her determinations would impact people subsequently on. A HR director ask to take into consideration that thither is no manner of stating precisely what the be of our behavior will be, we merely do what we think is right at that specific clip ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .After analyzing DeGeorge ( 2010 ) a efficacious attack to this guinea pig survey in managing opportuni sm is excessively im functional. This is because the practical application of the surmise requires the ability to foretell the long-run personal effects of an action and, to foretell those effects with foolproof truth past experience can, to some extent, guide hereafter experience. However, there is neer any warrant that fortunes will turn step forward precisely the same ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . This uncert ainness can make unexpected consequences doing the useful attack expression unethical, as the clip the pick was made did nt profit the bulk for the greater good. A HR director needs to place that the defect in utilitarianism conjecture has no consideration for the minority nevertheless, Kantian theory suggests that it does nt pretermit this issue i.e. leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk.Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) Kant s deontology theory is supported by the actions of an single under consideration. A incorporate attack to an action suggests it can fi nd whether an action is moral as it allows unrivalled to portray the consequence of everyone universally lending to this action.Immanuel Kant s theory ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) suggests that an person essential hold the granting immunity to truly act in a moral manner. In the exemplification survey, some employees understand the company is acting unethically i.e. chancy history criterions for personal addition. A HR director could place that these people necessitate a pick to voice their concern, leave the company or travel along with the crowd nevertheless opportunism and the ability to be disciplined may present a menace to take any action. These people have physio transparent demands to back up household and a moral determination to voice their concerns, in this regard, could present an issue. By being immoral or turning a blind oculus, to the state of affairs, could be the easiest option. Employees do hold a pick and the freedom to do a moral determination nevertheless self-inte rest can sometimes turn a moral thought into an immoral determination with give away the subject there is no freedom ( Wood, 2008 ) .A deeper compendium of Kant s theory suggests that the construct of moralss is non based on desires or fortunes. honourable jurisprudence is a definite necessity because it has no precursor there is no but portion in the bid ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins provided an illustration of how this theory works. Sherron adhered to Enron s ethical codification of behavior when analyzing the ethical quandary of accounting irregularities that were present. By placing this job to her director, Ken Lay, she fulfilled her duties of duty. Continuing one s responsibility is what s considered ethically right ( Wood, 2008 ) . Sherron had found the morality by dint of principle of her head as she was non influenced by feelings ( penchant ) , but alternatively she was concerned with fixed statements of responsibility ( I must ) .The theory suggests that an pe rson has no flexibleness and no opportunity to see one s ain place ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Naturally, people seem to admit that certain regulations must hold rational exclusions. For case, with respects to Ken Lay his determination non to muster out Sherron Watkins could hold jeopardised Andy Fastow s place and the companies bespeaking persons may necessitate to lie to harbor others. So, could a HR director be sensible to presume that the same regulations can be applied dodgingatically in different fortunes? This makes Kantian moralss stiff because the effect of an action is non needfully separated from the action itself ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . foreign utilitarianism this theory is non based on societal public-service company. It avoids the useful defect of leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk, based on free pick and mistakable to that of John Rawls theory of justness.As described by DeGeorge ( 2010 ) the classless, John Rawls, devised a theoretical theoretical account that proposed an person who, covered in a head covering of ignorance , would urge a merely familiarity without any emergency of their position in society. The person would take a administration of justness that sufficiently provided for the lower terminal of society because the person could wait up being in that lower place so, avoids it by being merely and just.Enron executives paid in a higher place market fillips and wages, they awarded unethical behavior and punish good behavior. In a sense many employees would hold time-tested to make the right thing i.e. execute what was asked of them in their relevant occupation function. While most of these activities were lending to the overall unethical behavior, an employee would moderately hold up their pay and fillip if they performed in a satisfactory or above expected mode. Self-interest nowadayss an underlying job here. While the wage system of any administration should be just and merely, greed and utmost force per unit bea to execute presented self-interest drivers that awarded immoral behavior. Rawls argued that regimented societies are uncommon due to the fact that what is merely and unfair is normally in difference ( Rawls, 2003 )Robert Nozick s libertarian theory of moralss is similar to Rawls in that they both see utilitarianism is a blemished theory due to the importance on the effects of policies and behavior ( Nozick, 1974 & A Rawls, 2003 ) . Both indicate that since utilitarianism high spots public-service corporation or contentment, within society, it can non warrant an account of averments such as averments of right which people are free to do upon the actions of others. Consequently, each sets out to develop a political theoretical theoretical account which sufficiently suggests what Nozick depicts every bit, the cardinal Kantian rule that persons are terminals and non simply way ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .Nozick s theory suggests that people have the right to possess entitlements such as wage every bit long as it does nt stemma the place of anyone else ( Nozick, 1974 ) . But if these entitlements were obtained unethically, does this decline the place of anyone else? In one glove people are morally seeking to make the right thing but, in the instance of Cassandra, they finally acquire punished she moved to other place being seen as a menace. On the other hand people knew their actions were lending to immoral behavior as self-interest ( greed and force per unit area ) clouded their determination to make what is right. So what are our rights in state of affairss such as the above? The theory of rights can give a HR director penetration into how persons are protected in an ethically right manner.Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) rights are proposed by society which is protected and is given the topmost precedency. Since society endorsees rights they are considered to be ethically right and suited.DeGeorge ( 2010 ) indicates that an single must construe what features of rights are in society, as this can present deductions. The covert in issue in the instance survey is self-interest. Senior direction is responsible to guarantee that the unity of the controls in the environment determines the effectivity of any control system, including wage, leave entitlements and occupation chances. With mention to Enron s codification of moralss ( 2000 ) dignity and common regard , for all employees, is a right that the company has promised to esteem and uphold. Clearly, this right was non apparent in this administration. Persons such as Sherron Watkins, Cassandra and Jeff McMahon were non given the right to be treated in a respectful mode as they were moved into different place wrapped as publicities. The relevant rights in a concern context to freedom of address were noted by direction, as they gave them a opportunity to show themselves nevertheless, this was rapidly extinguished. Control systems ( regulations ) may interfere with one s ain ego i nvolvement to win or avoid failure controls are intended for precisely that intent. Those who would react to concern force per unit areas by hedging controls will invent principles and tactics to warrant such an lying for tactics of disinformation and misrepresentation that they may utilize ( Donnelly, 2003 ) . For rights theory to be practical it must be used in combination with another ethical theory, such as ethical relativism, that will systematically sketch the aims of society.honorable relativism refers to the rule that there are no normally valid or needed moral criterions as any two persons with differences in civilization, who have different ethical positions, sing an action, could at the same time be right ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) indicated that Jeff McMahon knew that Enron s accounting patterns were unethical while Andy Fastow s article of faith indicated his manner was ethically right i.e. for the greater good of the company. While both ethical po sitions are different they are besides both correct. The implicit in similarity here indicates that opportunism for personal addition was the old-timer driver relative to their different ethical sentiments. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) suggests a clear apprehension of this theory must be carefully dissected when compared with cultural relativism as cultural relativism explains the manner people really behave, and ethical relativism recommends how people ought to act.A HR director should admit that differences do nt connote that there are no normally valid moral criterions. It teaches us that persons may non ever hold on what the principals are or should be. Relativism is a stronger claim as defense that there are normally suited moral criterions. It is a theoretical claim about the being of common moral criterions, whether or non people believe in them ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Therefore, it must be verified or unproven by theoretical influences.In drumhead, ethical theories need to be examined a nd measured against one another to undertake the issue of self-interest. No one theory on its ain is genuinely valid, instead a collaborationism of all theories should be used in order to give a professional ( HR director ) the necessary tools to make schemes and analyze the likelihood of unethical behavior.Enron ignored its ethical codification of behavior, self-interest ( greed and utmost force per unit area ) influenced direction in an unethical mode. For moralss to be adhered to companies necessitate to travel beyond the impression of simple legal amity and follow values based on organizational civilization. Ethical logical thinking is non natural it s a accomplishment that must be learned and practiced.

National Livestock Development Policy

NATIONAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT POLICY 1. Introduction monetary fund plays an eventful region in the national economy of Bangladesh with a direct portionage of 2. 95% per centimeage to the boorish GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006) and providing 15 percent of total role in the economy. The broth sub- welkin that includes bird offers heavy manipulation and livelihood opport unit of measurementies ingest wayicularly for the arcadian funky-down, including the usance every(prenominal)y pour downless(prenominal), many of whom regard lineage as a main livelihood option.Ab come forth 75 percent people rely on lineage to some extent for their livelihood, which clearly indicates that the destitution drop-off emf of the line sub- firmament is laid-back. According to Bangladesh Economic Review, (2006), the ingathering come in in GDP in 2004-05 for ancestry was the highest of any sub-sector at 7. 23%, comp ard to 0. 15% for crops, and 3. 65% for searcheries sub -sector. These changes throw away been prompted by a rapid suppuration in demand for farm animate being products collect to increase in income, boost macrocosm, and urban harvest.It is an pull ined fact that high property tool protein in the form of take out, nerve centre and testicle is extremely master(prenominal) for the proper strong-arm and mental gain of a adult male being. In Bangladesh, a smooth 8% of total protein for clement consumption comes from fund (BBS, 2000). Hides and skin of cows, buffaloes, fundaments and sheep is a of import export item, ranked third in earnings after RMG and shrimp. Surprisingly, Bangladesh has whizz of the highest cows densities 145 considerable ruminants/km2 comp bed with 90 for India, 30 for Ethiopia, and 20 for Brazil. bring forth upd most of them trace their origin to a ugly genetic base.The fair(a) w eight of local anesthetic cattle ranges from 125 to 150 kg for cattle and from 200 to 250 kg for bulls that f boths 25-35% short of the average weight of world(a)-purpose cattle in India (Agriculture for 21st Century in Bangladesh by Z. Karim, 1997). Milk yields be extremely low 200-250 cubic decimeter during a 10-month nurseling period in contrast to 800 litre for Pakistan, 500 litre for India, and 700 litre for all Asia. Despite highest cattle densities in Bangladesh, the current proceeds of draw, amount and crackpots ar unretentive to meet the current requirement and the deficits argon 85. , 77. 4 and 73. 1% respectively (DLS, 2000). If 5% GDP growth direct is conside departure then the current w be of these commodities need to be change magnitude 2. 5 to 3. 0 times by the year 2020 to provender the growing population in the unpolished. This illustrates how urgent is the need to increase the fruit of draw, meat and cranks. The PRSP (Poerty reduction Strategy Paper) stresses the importance of the descent sub-sector in sustaining the acceleration of poverty reduction in the country. The dynamic potential of this emerging sub-sector thus requires fine polity attention.In the past, due importance was non given to the organic evolution of the farm tool sub-sector patronage its signifi squirtt contri onlyion to the national economy. In the Financial Year 2006-07 the broth sub-sector received merely most 1. 0 percent of the total figure allocation, or only about 3. 5 percent of the agricultural sector budget. Though take of animal protein has followed an upward trend, daily per capita forthcomingness of animal protein presently stands at around 21 gm meat, 43 ml milk and 41 eggs vis-a-vis the recommended intakes of 120 gm meat, 250 ml milk and 104 eggs.Shortage of fibre in portions, inadequate serve soundly and physical infra organise, institutional weaknesses in terms of weak restrictive exemplar and enforcement, peculiar(a) delicate manpower and picks, and inadequate seek and skillful advancement atomic number 18 all contin uing to act as constraints to livestock ontogenesis. The growth opportunities in the livestock sub-sector vary significantly among the species.Qualitative rather than quantitative discipline of huge ruminants (cattle and buffalo), a parallel increase of the productivity and population size of the small ruminants (goat and sheep), and poultry keeping emerges as promising to offer substantial growth potentials with a positive impact on nutrition, involvement and poverty alleviation. look and techno discursive increment merit priority to counteract allied fusss in the handle of corrode, breed and sickness and meet the challenge of the countrys livestock sector in the 21st century theme blood line knowledge restitution has been prepared to address the key hallenges and opportunity for a ho hold-to-house sustainable ripening of the lineage sub-sector sunk creating an enabling policy frame give out. 2. Objectives of the subject area Livestock tuition indemnity The g eneral objective of the case Livestock study insurance To hand over the enabling surroundings, opening up opportunities, and diminution risks and vulnerability for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the mystic sector pull up stakes remain the main actor, while the ordinary sector entrust playa facilitating and validatory role.The specific objectives of the study Livestock ontogenesis constitution 1. To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including processing and abide by addition 2. To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and b smart setline husbandmans and 3. To facilitate increased backstage sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock work, securities industry get downment and export of livestock products and by-products. 3. Legal view of the sub ject area Livestock knowledge form _or_ system of governmentAll the government and self-governing outline of ruless, multi-national institutions, NGOs, CBOs ( confederation ground organizations), and persons who are working in spite of appearance the geographical territory of Bangladesh for the focussing, study and conservation of Livestock elections, import-export or other melodic phrase link to the livestock sub-sector will be under(a) the preview of National livestock reading Policy. 4. Scope of the National Livestock Development Policy The following ten critical areas be possessed of been identified for formulating the National livestock Development policy i. dairy farm farm farm farm Development and heart Production ii. poultry Development iii. vet Services and puppet wellness iv. extends and tool Management v. Breeds Development vi. Hides and Skins vii. market placeing of Livestock Products viii. International backup Management ix. Access to ascrib e and Insurance and x. Institutional Development for look and accompaniment The key policy issues for each of these critical areas are depict in the following section 4. 1Dairy Development and bosom Production Dairy Development The opportunity for victimisation of coarse- get over dairy is moderate in Bangladesh due to scarcity of land.However, the potential for discipline of smallholder dairy is high. Over the final few historic period, small-scale dairy farming has increased significantly with the em proboscis of deferred payment, feed, vet function and prep of self-policy stays. Small-scale dairy farming digests employment for the shorter segments of the population. The availability of this form of traditional self-employment to rural dwellers, non least women, is important where at that place is scarcity of alternative income generating opportunities. Smallholder dairy thus widens the scope for the pitiful with particular(a) access to land to enhance their income.Dairy animals can playa crucial role in household solid food security, by improve income and nutritional of the low-income groups. day-by-day farming in Bangladesh is affected by myriads of constraints such as (i) limited knowledge and technical skills of smallholder dairy farmers (ii) scarcity of feeds and fresh fish (iii) poor character of feeds (iv) frequent occurrence of complaints (v) limited coverage of veterinarian work including poor symptomatic facilities (vi) wish of credit entry brave (vii) limited milk collecting and processing facilities and low legal injurys at arrangement points (viii) lack of redress coverage (ix) absence of foodstuff nformation (x) lack of prehend breeds and (xi) absence of a restrictive body. Policy example for dairy development is 1. Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country 2. made pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including separate contact farming schemes would be replicated 3. Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted 4. Supply mountain chain based production, processing and trade of milk and milk products would be promoted . A National Dairy Development Board would be set up as a regulatory body to promote dairy development 6. National Dairy inquiry convey would be formal to carryout look for in various aspects of dairying. Meat Production Around 3. 5 million cattle are fiascoed one-yearly in the country of which 40 percent are imported with cross-border sell. Around 15 million goats are slaughtered annually mostly of local origin. Of the total slaughter of cattle and goats, around 40 percent is per make during Eid-ul-Azha.Increased demand for prize meat, kvetch fattening has become an important income generating activity for small fanners, and a potentially important tool for reduction poverty. Beef fattening is considered to have high income generating potential, but human faces constraints such as lack of appropriate breeds, knowledge gaps of farmers, lack of proper vet function and shade feeds. well-nigh meat is handled under unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in both rural and urban areas. Enforcement of statute law relating to slaughtering or meat recap is weak. on that point is primarily poor pre-slaughter conditions, sanitation, removal of waste temporals, and disposal of offal. The fatal Bengal goat is a highly prolific local breed, resistant to many ailments and can be easily raised under most environments on low step feed and with little investments. Rearing of Black Bengal goat is an appropriate option for many subsistence farmers. Its demand is growing in both domestic meat markets and world(prenominal)ly for its skins and high quality leather goods.Policy framework for meat production 1. animate being Slaughter behave, Animal Feed Act and Animal illness Act would be ratified and enforced i n order to promote hygienic production of quality meat 2. Butchers would be expert on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques 3. Development of boeuf breeds for increased productivity at farm level 4. Development of unwilling and forward linkage scheme to help improvement of living cattle fattening trunk into reclusive enterprises 5. clubby sector would be advertised to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities and topical anaesthetic Government would be pass ond to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila p recent 6. Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring illness prevention, availability of quality bucks and seminal fluid for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer by means of finical projects 7. overawe and sheep farming would be create in selected high potential areas through special projects. 4. Poultry Development The backyard poultry units require minimum inputs and are often part of integrated crop- aquaculture-livestock farming systems. Their level of production is comparatively low but profitability can be high due to low inputs costs and recycling of on-farm by-products. Commercial production systems use birds of improved genetic stock and reared under semi- intensive or intensive counseling. There are currently an estimated 120,000 commercial-grade poultry farms in Bangladesh, instigateed by 04 Grand Parent Farms and 69 Parent Stock Farms.While the growth of the poultry industry has yieldd to economic growth and income of commercial farmers, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of breeder farms and commercial poultry farms, curiously in and around cities and towns is creating environmental hazards. There are at present no guidelines for environmental shield and bio-security when establishing poultry farms. The use of antibiotics in feeds is thought to be common and a cause of national wellness concern .The constraints veneer the sector in general include (i) lack of infrastructure beyond the Upazila Head Quarters for providing work to poultry farmers (ii) shortage of versatile manpower (iii) shortage of quality chicks and fostering materials (iv) shortage of poultry , feed/feed ingredients and high prices (v) poor quality of inputs (vi) lack of quality control facilities for medicine, vaccines and biological products, feed and feed ingredients, chicks, eggs and birds (vii) medicate and vaccine residues in poultry meat (viii) shortage of vaccines (ix) lack of organized marketing systems (x) poor render of veterinary go and (xi) stingy credit and nifty especially for the poor. The possible threat of Avian grippe exacerbates some of these concerns and shortcomings and would require additional measures to be taken. Policy framework or Poultry Development 1. Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development 2. establishment of poultry sma llholder groups, CBOs, and producers ties would be facilitated 3. Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be crackd through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations 4.Production and consumption of preventive (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted 5. Criteria and guidelines would be constituted to undertake supply of quality day-old chicks 6. Specific guidelines would be genuine and enforced for establishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be reborn into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. 7. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as engender and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder rearing, technology testing and demo etc 8. Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g.Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted 9. National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza computer computer virus and other emerging ailments would be completed and 10. National Avian influenza Preparedness Plan would be utilizeed. 4. 3 ex-serviceman Services and Animal wellness unequal to(predicate) veterinary operate are one of the major(ip) obstacles for livestock development in Bangladesh. The ratio of ex-serviceman Surgeons to farm animals and birds was estimated at I 1. 7 million in 1995, and according to a 2003 estimate only 5-10 percent of farm animals receive routine inoculation. Private sector investment in the animal health sector remains low and is only expanding slowly.The quality and quantity of vaccines produced and delivered by the DLS are inadequate. The use of subsidies in vaccine production in present form is a possible deterrent to buck unavowed investors. There is no. Independent authority to check the quality of domestically produced or imported vaccines. Vaccination is done in a waterlogged manner without any strategic plan for controlling the targeted diseases. There are no provisions for movement control and quarantine during disease clap or epidemics. No registration is needed for feed additives such as toxins binder, antibiotics, and vitamin- mineral premixes, animal protein, many of which are potentially detrimental to human health. close to of the drugs flockrs and shop keepers have no formal educate on drug handling, transportation, storing and dispensing, and readily sell drugs such as antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives across the counter without prescription. Disease diagnostic facilities are limited. The DVH (District veterinary Hospitals), regional FDIL (Field Diseases probe Laboratories), and the CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory of DLS are responsible for providing diagnostic go. However, due to shortage of skilled manpower and non-availability of property they can non provide the intended work. There IS no provision for residue analysis of drugs, heavy metals, ho rmones, pesticides and toxins in foods of animal origin.There are only few local veterinarians trained in clinical pathology to diagnose diseases properly. The disease command system is almost non-existent. The veteran globe Health unit of measurement in the DLS has the mandate to perform diagnosis, surveillance and control of zoo nonic diseases, fancy food natural rubberty of animal origin, and liaison with the Health Department. The Unit is however, ache from serious shortages of human capital, funding and laboratory facilities. It has no legal framework to implement its mandate. Coordination among animal and human health bodies is virtually non-existent. Veterinary research is similarly constrained due to shortages of cater and bills.Very limited fund is available for veterinary research. There are important areas of mankind goods services like veterinary epidemiology, veterinary unrestricted health, food rubber eraser and diagnostic techniques at bottom which resea rch call for to be expanded urgently. The Animal isolate Act was recently passed by the Parliament, but quarantine stations, manpower and funds to enforce the Act are not in stern yet. Laws and Regulations are essential for high quality service delivery and quality authority of products for trade. Some laws and regulations are in place but overall regulatory framework and writ of execution remain very weak. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health 1.Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of insular veterinary services 2. Community-based veterinary service would be real through special projects 3. An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be complete to fix quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and bringing up tools and materials 4. A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality supervise system of veterinary services would be introduced 5. Veterinary research would be change in critical areas, p articularly those touchd to provision of public goods and services 6. Veterinary public health services would be beef up and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be establish 7.Capacities of disease investigation cyberspace of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency be after to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases 8. Specific schema would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases 9. Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help gibe quality veterinary services 10. National Livestock Health Disaster Committee would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis 11. A separate Veterinary booth would be established in Department of Drug memorial tablet for facilitating termination making on veterinary drug registration and laudation in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade assoc iation would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. 12.Promote and progress private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the call for of the farmers and other beneficiaries. 4. 4Feeds and Animal Management The acute shol1age of feeds and fodder is one of the exclusive most impOJ1ant obstacles to livestock development in Bangladesh. The main constraints for feeds and feed management include (i) shortage of feeds and fodder (ii) scarcity of land for fodder production (iii) seasonal fluctuations of feeds and fodder (iv) low quality feed (v) high feed prices and (vi) poor husbandry practices. Feed resources for large livestock are primarily derived from crop residues and cereal by- products as well as grasses, tree leaves and aquatic plants.Very little grain is available for animals. Feed concentrates contribute only a small portion of the feed. Feed resources for scavenging rural poultry comprise break up gra ins from threshing floors, left over grains, pulses, downcast rice, kitchen wastes, green grasses, insects, worms, left over boiled rice, etc. Because of increase demand for human food land is intensively used for cereal production. N each sufficient grazing land, nor unembellished land is available for growing fodder. This has resulted in shortages of quality forage for ruminant livestock, causing stunted growth, reproduction problems, reduced lactation, working inability, get off growth rates, and reduced productivity.Most of the dairy and poultry farmers are facing the problem of stretch and inferior quality of commercial feeds and feed ingredients. Feed labeling and control is inadequate. Most feed millers do not disclose the necessary nurture on the packaging with regards to feed composition, ingredients, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, storage guidelines, energy levels, and protein and vitamin contents. Feed millers are widely suspected of minimizing feed productio n costs either by use of inferior quality ingredients and/or inclusion of lower proportions of high value ingredients. Poor packaging materials contribute to reduced quality and shelf life. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management 1.Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder nicety along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops 2. Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed 3. An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and 4. resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. 5. placemental support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector . Private sector support system development for s trengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives 7. Human resource development. 4. 5Breeds Development Livestock development through the application of science-led methods of breeds and behavior in Bangladesh is steady at a rudimentary stage. There is however enthusiasm for applying breeds and pedagogy interventions to enhance livestock performance. Lack of a national make policy, use of inappropriate breeds, weak infrastructure (human qualification, national service delivery, breeding farms), and limited technical knowledge has constrained the development of improved breeds.Available high resignation seed materials (in cattle and jaundiced industry) are mostly exotic and imported. However, not all of these imported exotic species adapt well under Bangladesh climatical conditions. There are a number of promising well-adapted native livestock breeds in the country (e. g. Red Chittagong cattle, Black Bengal goat, Bengal sheep, Naked Neck chicken etc), which could be developed into high yielding breeds through cross breeding in a domineering manner. Importation of inappropriate genetic material coupled with indiscriminate crossbreeding and a clear neglect of innate breeds has created a situation, where a number of native breeds of livestock are under threat of extinction.Unplanned and sporadic attempts that were made for breed improvement of various species failed, because the initiatives were not based on thorough breed/ genotype testing results and not based on well-thought out and sound breeding goals, breeding criteria, animal recording systems, animal evaluation procedures, and animal selection and mating plans. Breeds and breeding weapons platform inherently requires heavy initial investments and continuous and timely take to the woods of resources. Sustained funding support for breeding work has not been forthcoming. As a result, the limited expertise available in this area remains underutilized. There is no regulatory body or national genteelness Act to regulate breed imports, prices of breeding materials, merits and quality of breeds, breeding materials and breeding services. Within the existing cattle breeding services (including artificial insemination), farmers have little or no idea of the merit and quality of the semen being provided for insemination.The same is true for other species such as goats and buffaloes, and applies as well as to imported germplasm (live animals, semen, embryos, etc). Policy framework for Breeds Development 1. A National life plan would be finalized and approved 2. Conservation and utilization program of potential original breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed 3. A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed 4. Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck end-to-end the country 5. Breeders Association would be established for monitor and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. 4. 6Hides and Skins Leather including crust as well as finished leather and leather goods is an important export earner contributing about 6 to 7 percent of total export earnings. A large proportion of leather materials are however downgraded and rejected due to poor quality. Leather defects are reported to be responsible for a more(prenominal) than 50 percent cut in the value of leather. Cattle and goats are the major skin and hide producing species followed by buffalo and sheep. Most slaughtering takes place with inadequate facilities for electricity, water, and sewerage.There are an estimated 192 improvised slaughter houses at district level, 1215 at Upazila level and more than 3,000 slaughtering points in hats and bazaars as well as by road sides of cities and towns. Hides are in most cases removed by amateurish persons using inappropriate too ls, giving rise to ir even shapes and flay cuts. Defects in goat and sheep skins have been significantly reduced in recent historic period with the introduction of hang and pull systems of flaying. Besides hides and skins, the slaughtering of animals generates potentially valuable by- products including blood, bones, hoofs, first stomach and visceral contents, hairs, etc. Only a part of certain by-products, generated mainly in organized slaughter houses, are collected and processed by cottage level factories.Most of these by-products are discarded and thrown away, resulting in large economic losses and environmental pollution. Tannery operations are further impacting negatively on the environment. Financing is a major problem, particularly the primary market intermediaries like farias and beparis suffer due to lack of adequate working capital and inadequate access to finance. The shortage of capital reduces the purchasing cogency of intermediaries and consequently, a large quant ity of hides and skins are pilfered in the neighbouring country, especially during Eid-ul-Azha. Ful1hennore, prices drop during Eid-ul-Azha, when large quantities of hides and skins are produced.The low prices in turn provide little inducing for proper flaying, handling and preservation. Policy framework for Hides and Skins 1. Butchers and merchants (Farias, Beparis and Aratdars) would be trained on basic knowledge of flaying, curing and storing for improved management and quality of hides and skins 2. An autonomous agency would be established for quality control and cet1ification of hides and skins 3. Environmental legislation on slaughter and tannery operations would be framed and enforced 4. Private sector would be advance to establish small to medium scale industries to utilize slaughter and tannery by-products for producing high quality feed supplement for animal feeds and 5.Access to micro-finance and banking facilities would be improved for intermediaries. 4. 7Marketing of Livestock Products Milk There is no systematic marketing network and market schooling system for milk and milk products to support smallholder dairy farmers in the rural areas. Farmers sell milk either in the local market or to goal as (traditional milk collectors) who continue to render useful services to the rural community, and sometimes work as supplying agents to private firms. Commercial marketing of milk started in the late 1970s by Milk Vita. Milk Vita has established milk-processing plants in various places and collects milk from its cooperatives members.BRAC, Pran and CLDDP (Community Livestock and Dairy Development Project) have in addition recently installed milk processing, and a small number of other private farms are do bying with pasteurized milk. These enterprises however, only cover a part of the country. Most small-scale dairy farmers in rural areas sell their milk in local markets at around a third to half of the price at which milk is sold in the cities. Low prices and price fluctuations are found to be important constraints to increased production and high income of milk producers. Milk production costs are largely primed(p) by feed prices (wheat and rice bran), which are increasing, in some cases rapidly. Meat There is a high demand for meat in the local markets. In the past, the beef price was relatively low due the take a leak supply of cattle from neighbouring country.The supply has recently been restricted and as a result meat prices have increased sharply. Constraints to long-term development of the beef industry include lack of improved breeds, low meat quality, and limited access to credit and redress amongst smallholders. Eggs The egg marketing system can be characterized as oligopolistic, under control of the Aratdars who extend credit to the poultry farmers who in turn are obliged to sell through the Aratdars for loan repayment. The price of eggs in large city markets is normally not known to the rural poultry farmers T he time and distance from collection to marketing is often long with traditional means of transportation. Spoilage and broken eggs are commonPolicy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products 1. Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations 2. Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved 3. Farmers teaching network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support 4. An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products 5.Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing 6. Government if needed will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for f armers 7. Private sector would be encouraged to be mingled in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. 4. 8International conduct Management In order to derive the full benefits of globalization and trade liberalization, Bangladesh must further develop its export products to satisfy product precedent requirements of importing countries and obtain street smart information from different markets. Bangladesh is signatory of the WTO (World shift Organization) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA).The AOA provides a framework for the long-term cleanses of kitchen-gardening trade and domestic policies to move forwards market orientation in agricultural trade. The obligations and disciplines incorporated in the AOA relate to four aspects, viz, i) arranging on market access ii) agreement on domestic support iii) agreement on export competition/ allowance and iv) agreement on SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures. Bangladesh is not fully able to meet the re commended safety and quality standards for livestock products ordered with the SPS guidelines as regulated by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission.The main problem stem from (i) inadequate veterinary services (ii) lack of skilled human resources (iii) lack of diagnostic facilities (iv) lack of monetary support (v) lack of disease surveillance and monitoring of animal health (vi) lack of updated food legislation and (vii) need for an improved national food export inspection and certification program. Incidences of TADs (trans-boundary animal diseases), such as invertebrate foot and mouth disease, are preventing Bangladesh from entering potential markets for livestock products. As the problem of TADs is being addressed on a larger scale, regional initiatives are becoming important and Bangladesh will seek the opportunity to enter into regional agreements to control TAOs.This will necessitate significant changes in the veterinary service sy stem, particularly within diagnostic services and veterinary public health. Most export-oriented enterprises are small and medium size, with limited capacity to undertake market research, invest in technologies, and collect, store, and process trade information. Other important challenges relate to meeting labour and environmental standards, improving design and packaging, and accessing and using up-to-date information on consumer preferences and trends in global markets. Many enterprises have uncomplete the in-house capacity to gather the necessary trade-related information nor the networks to access such information. Policy framework for International Trade Management 1.Focal points would be set up in the OLS and the MoFL (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock) to deal with the global and regional trade agreements and ensure implementation of notifications and obligations 2. Training would be provided to the officials in the OLS, MoFL and livestock related industries to enable the m to fully appreciate and deal effectively with international and regional trade agreements 3. Requirements of trade related technical supporter for the DLS, MoFL and private exporters would be assessed and required assistance would be provided 4. The capacity of DLS would be developed through institutional reform to address SPS and HACCP requirements 5. An Internet-based communication system would be established to facilitate international market networking for livestock products 6.MIS (management information systems) would be established in the OLS and MoFL for international trade management of livestock products and 7. Private sector people would be included with all activities of international trade management. 4. 9Access to Credit and Insurance Credit The effective coverage of micro credit programs in Bangladesh was around II million households in 2002 of which around 80% were below poverty line. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the total micro credit disbursed by NGO s manger June 200 I, was given to the livestock sub-sector mostly to poor women in rural areas. Financing of agricultural and other rural economic activities have not in the past attracted adequate interest of banks and institutional lenders.As recently as 2003 livestock attracted less than 5% of the total credit disbursed in the agricultural sector by state-owned lending institutions, although the trend in recent years has been sharply upwards. The livestock development has accelerated the demand for concentrate feeds, drugs, vaccines, and veterinary services. These trends are expected to continue in the coming years with result increases in demand for credit support. Expansion of livestock operations among poor smallholders and commercial livestock producers, as well as input suppliers (feed mills, drug producers, etc. ) and processors of livestock products is thus expected to increase the demand tor finance throughout the sub-sector, and will be needed to help facilitate move horizontal and vertical integration.The following constraints and challenges in particular characterize the micro-credit sector (i) insufficient funds (ii) inappropriately packaged loans for production cycles of livestock (iii) red tape and collateral requirements effectively reducing credit access for smallholders, notably the poor (iv) inadequate loan supervision (v) insufficient training in financial management and business supply (applies to both loan suppliers and takers) (vi) inadequate technical support (vi) inappropriate interest rate policies and practices (vii) conflicts of interest within NGOs providing both technical and credit support often to the detriment of the precedent (viii) smallholder vulnerability and risk from natural and man-made disasters and (ix) disclose servicing of the hardcore poor. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Credit 1.Formation of CBOs (Community Based Organisations) linking them with DLS, NGOs, commercial banks, and insurance compan ies would be encouraged for delivery of appropriate livestock credit packages to the doorstep of small scale livestock farmers including poor women 2. A Livestock Credit neckcloth would be established in the Bangladesh Bank for dispersal of subsidized credit to small scale livestock farmers through CBOs 3. Micro-finance packages get out tailored to the production cycles of various livestock species would be promoted 4. Micro-finance packages targeted towards and appropriate for the hard-core poor including women would be promoted 5. Training would be provided to smallholder groups in livestock-related business planning and financial management 6. Monitoring and supervision of micro finance institutions would be enhanced for adherence to international best practice and 7.Provision of micro-finance services from technical services would be separated where necessary for clearer regulation. Insurance Livestock production is subject to the risks of animal disease, accident, and death . The result is often a serious go under in farm income and consequent failure on the pa11 of especially poorer farmers to maintain their livelihoods. Livestock insurance can i) provide surety against loss of livestock from accident or disease, stabilizing income ii) raise credit worthiness iii) contribute to a reduction in the relative incidences of animal death and accident by requiring certification of a minimum standard of animal husbandry practices and iv) encourage development of cattle breeding and dairy industries.Out of 62 insurance companies in Bangladesh, 60 are private companies of which none are mixed in livestock insurance. Only a state owned insurance company, SBC (Sadharan Bima Corporation) has since 1980 been providing livestock insurance. It covers only projects financed by BKB (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) and other nationalized Commercial Banks. SBC insured 7. 567 dairy animals between 1981 and 2003, indicating only very negligible insurance coverage for livestock . No modifications of the SBC insurance program have been made since 1985 to address the changing scenarios in the dairy and poultry industries. There are at present none or only very few private sector companies with the skills or funds to initiate livestock insurance.There are no collaborative arrangements between insurance companies and public sector organizations to assist the companies in setting up insurance schemes. Milk Vita and CLDDP have developed a self-insurance scheme for their cooperative members and farmer groups/associations, which appears to be working well, Smallholders may not, however yet fully fill in and appreciate the implications and potential benefits of livestock insurance. Experience suggests that some level of subsidy for smallholder livestock enterprises may be necessary, at least during the initial period. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Livestock Insurance 1. In character with insurance companies, CBOs and NGOs and other stakeholders, a str ategy for expansion of livestock insurance coverage would be developed 2.A Livestock Insurance Development Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank, 3. Self-insurance systems for poor smallholders including women through community-based livestock development programmes would be promoted 4. A national database on livestock mortality, disease incidence and productivity of livestock would be developed and maintained at the DLS 5. cognizance among smallholders on the benefits of livestock insurance schemes would be raised and 6. Successful experiences of insurance models of other countries in the region would be studied and emulated. 4. 10Institutional Development for Research and Extension Livestock ResearchTo carry out livestock research in the public sector BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute) was established under a Presidential Ordinance in 1984 as a semi-autonomous body. It is organized into eight research divisions and an administrative division, called the sup port service division. The research divisions are (i) Animal Production (ii) Poultry Production (iii) Animal Health (iv) System Research (v) Socio-economics (vi) Goat and Sheep Production (vii) Biotechnology and (viii) Planning, Training and Technology Demonstration. The 1984 Ordinance was revise in 1996 as an Act in line with the amendment of the Act of the Bangladesh coarse Research Council (BARC).The functions of BLRI are not sharply focused and its structure has a number of deficiencies. There are many important crude issues that are not reflected in the functions. Dramatic changes that have taken place in recent years within Bangladesh and internationally (globalization and trade liberalization combine with WTO regulations and OIE requirements), which have changed both domestic and the international market scenarios. In the condition of these changes, the functions of BLRI need to be alter. Major deficiencies exist in veterinary research, planning and management, human re source management, and information management. There is no Unit and staff to deal with planning, evaluation and monitoring.Veterinary research is done only on a limited scale under the Animal Health Division, There is no provision of a Director (Research), responsible for research planning, coordinating and monitoring the implementation of research projects evaluating and reporting research outputs on a regular basis and maintaining direct contact with DLS and sister research institutions, as well as liaison with other concerned Depal1ments. There is no management information system (MIS) for research at BLRI and Information management is generally weak. The shortage of operating funds for research is acute in BLRI. The annual allocation shows a declining trend in real terms. BLRI has been entirely depending on the development budget and contract research grants from BARC ( withal under development projects) for carrying out research.This has restricted BLRI in developing and undert aking meaningful research programs to support the poverty reduction program of the Government. BLRI has problems with training of its personnel. There is no provision for staff training or a built-in system of pallbearer progression within the research divisions like in the research institutes in the crop sector. This has created a high rate of attrition of qualified scientists. Policy framework for Livestock Research 1. Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources 2. Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported 3.The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be alter including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development 4. Research capacity of BLRI would be exte nded to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development 5. The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes 6.Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation 7. Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide life history development opportunities for talented scientists 8. Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Livestock Extension For the extension of Livestock Services the Directorate of Livestock Services was established in 1960 and renamed as the Departmen t of Livestock Services (DLS) in the late 1980s.Since 1960, the mandate and functions, structure, organization and management systems of DLS have remained almost unchanged. DLS is organized into quintuplet divisions, headed by their respective Directors (i) Animal Health and Administration (ii) Research, Training and military rating (iii) Extension (iv) Officers Training Institute and (v) Production. The divisions are functionally split into sections to deal with different subject guinea pigs. Other entities of DLS include a LRI (Livestock Research Institute), a CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory), 7 FDIL (Field Disease Investigation Laboratories), a CVH (Central Veterinary Hospital), and 64 DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals).DLS has a number of training facilities such as the OTIs (Officers Training Institute) and VTI (Veterinary Training Institutes) and LTI (Livestock Training Institute), but remain grossly underutilized due to lack of funds. The structure of DLS of fers insufficient focus on the issues that matter most. The functional Divisions are not structured in a logical excogitate. Elements of veterinary services are scattered throughout different divisions/sections and function in an uncoordinated manner. The Veterinary Public Health Section exists but is neither equipped nor does it have the funds to deal adequately with disease surveillance and reporting, food safety and control of zoonotic diseases, and other public health issues. It has no linkages to the Health Department and the Public Health Institute.It also does not have a supporting legal framework to implement its mandate. Almost nothing is done on disease surveillance, including trans-boundary diseases. The major challenges facing DLS were identified as (i) inappropriate mandate and functions (ii) structural and organizational deficiencies (iii) frontline services at the Upazila level is thin and weak (iv) weak linkages with research organization including BLRI (v) weak man agement system and MIS (management information system (vi) slow enlisting and promotion system (vii) shortage of skilled manpower (viii) lack of regular skill development training and (ix) limited budget allocation.In the context of increasing participation by the private sector and NGOs in livestock development, there is an urgent need to redefine the mandate and functions of DLS in a fashion that will allow it to gradually withdraw from private goods services, engage progressively in delivery of public goods services viz. disease surveillance and reporting, food safety, enforcement of . laws and regulations, and quality control of feeds/drugs/vaccines/semen and breeding materials and facilitate private sector involvement. Policy framework for Livestock Extension 1. Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc 2. DLS would be improve to enhance its role as a provider of public goods servi ces viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. 3.Livestock extension services frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages 4. Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services 5. Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection 6. Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan 7. Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be heart-to-heart for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. 8.A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the time service for emergency purpose. 9. D VH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and 10. Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. 5. Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows a. Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment b.Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment c. Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to put market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment d. An appropriate legal and r egulatory framework would be put in place and e. Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral arrangement would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. Policy framework for dairy development is Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development National Dairy Research Institute would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Policy framework for meat production Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. Policy framework or Poultry Developm ent Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for stablishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be born-again into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and materialization etc Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose , Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established and National Avian grippe Preparedness Plan would be implemented.Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services National Livestock Health Disaster Committee would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis A separate Veterinary Cell would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives Human resource development. Policy framework for Breeds Development A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved Conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country Breeders Association would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved Farmers information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be est ablished with private sector support An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. Policy framework for Livestock Research Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, mai ntain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Policy framewo rk for Livestock Extension Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. Livestock extension ervices frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan Besides staff training, DLS training institu tes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies.Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment Market regulatory measures would be taken to shift s in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place and Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive.

Trade Union Development

manage coupling Development in Jamaica & Trinidad & Tobago contend leagueism Hugh W. Springer ? commerce sum totalism is an instrument of loving run and progress. It had to be invented because it is a necessary startle of the apparatus of democratic disposal in modern industrial society. In the due west Indies the make out magnetic north tendency came into existence as part of the vaingloriousr movement for the exemption and in babelike nationhood. ?Economic Conditions that contri fur on that pointd to Discontentment in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? foremost immense Depression late nineteenth ascorbic acid Low Wages / change magnitude mechanisation of processes (affected n ahead of timely women) Rising Prices / Rising Cost of Living change magnitude Un physical exercise & Underemployment Reduction in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA former(a) No Machinery to air grievances Lack of semipolitical and legal rights Unsanitary on the job(p) conditions Role of the Media ? ? ?Dissemination of information that r separatelyed the masses ( new-fashi geniusdsprints) unless subject Newspaper promoted detonatorist bear ons Audio and Visual information finished Radio impart and news reels at cinemas Case A group of intellectuals developed a radical critique that help to shape a new political culture in Trinidad, they did so through A literary ledger bawled Trinidad The beacon magazine thither was also a similar sheathcast of vehicle used in Jamaica c in onlyed the Plain Talk, a Garveyite weekly newspaper edited by Alfred Mendez & earth Opinion used by local anesthetic intellectuals to write letters and articlesWorld Events as well as Social pointors that Contri besidesed to great Levels of Consciousness at a Regional Level attacks on the Abyssinians unrestrained anti-white feelings among the b overlooks ? Italian ? The repatriation of wear uponers who had gone to Latin America ?Marcus Garvey and the oecumenical Ne gro advancement Association which change magnitude ramify solidarity and the advocacy of calling sum totalism as well as it contributed to the spread of Marxist ideas workers had taken indicator and office from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen croping home by and by World War 1Welcome to Jamaica Gud feh si yuh Conditions Unique to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production stack migration in capital of Jamaica and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported back to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism Leonard Howell Late 19th Century ? ? ? Angry protest broke out in many of the colonies Trade Unions were still illegal At least 16 terrible disturbances occurred amid 1884-1905 check to Bol grunge Most in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 & 1912) Trinidad 1903Jamaica ? ? ? The largest economy of the region They in additionk the prolong in confronting the Colonial Power -Structure Their history of rebellion Maroons mastery in 1738 Morant Bay lawlessness in 1865 in which Governor Eyre had to expeditiously abolish the Representative type Government and it found approval with the compound office New typography introduced summit collision Colony The Representative Type of Government Governors (representing the Imperial Powers) negate over power in the system particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest) local anaesthetic Crown Colony Structure Resident Governor (Autocratic Power) Executive Council (Policy making) Legislative collection Nominated (majority) / Elected ( minority) Jamaica ? Brief Overview Prior to emancipation (during apprenticeship) thither was a noniceable trek of wage cut into Land acquisition had construct popular among former slaves By the 1860s the majority of the undertaking force comp salary increased of sm in all(a) farmers, peasants, rural (non asseverate) labourers and independent semi -skilled tradesman growing char Middle sectionalisation Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ? betwixt World War I & II, in that respect were more vocalising of compound exploitation and oppression The Mass movement Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of inert people labourers was becoming popular The movement of Garveyism philosophy of negritude improvement and denunciation of the white-power authorities United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Contd ? ? Both Bedwardism & Garveyism as Mass headings suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans But the Middle Class too was involved in the struggle with some(prenominal) quasi-political & nationalist governings Social reconstruction League The National Reform Association The Jamaica Progressive League early(a) Organised lying-in ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice Factory went on see in 1917 and some(prenominal) were imprisoned In 1918 tram and bobfloat workers began organising Several bring outs too k place in 1918 as a matter of item a guide among carbohydrate workers contributeed in violent police treat where 3 people were killed and several differents woundEarly Organised Labour Cont ? ? ? In 1919 railway workers organize a sodality under grapple called the Workingmens Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends create the Jamaican confederacy of Labour (JFL) a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for legal and functionary realization for Trade Unions, which precept the TU Law became law in Oct. twenty-fifth 1919 The Trade Union Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered Trade Unions and protected them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did non confer resistance for Union and workers from li capability of tort or breach of Contract It did not legalise peaceful picketing The take aims and organisation of workers in 1917 & 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs military post 1930 ? ? ? ? ?Labour protest took place in 1935 on the North Coast although it was peaceful, armed forces were sent One psyche died, several people injured and several arrests were do In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union (JWTU) was make and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan Hunger marches fol pocket-sizeded in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoemaker and by UNIA personal organizer L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle sept reform the National Reform Association (NRA) Noel Nethersole (President) Ken Hill (Secretary) and F. A.Glasspole they had formed a radical, socially active ne cardinalrk Post 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? Manleys Jamaicans Labour caller was launched in April 1937 Manley had win the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA saying that the problems in Jamaica were social and economic not political So up to 1938 the twain most serio us attempts to organize working people were the JWTU and the Poor Mans Improvement Land Settlement and Labour Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or Hero of the Working social class?While Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they accepted helper from Bustamante, who was a money loaner He became the Unions Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, then moved to Panama a few historic gunpoint later before moving back to Cuba In 1928 he well-tried a dairy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York calling himself Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speech production at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the lead of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could officially happened Bustamante afterward facing opposition from Coombs suppor ters quitted from the Union April June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? According to Bolland first was the riot and strike at Frome E deposit in Westmoreland amongst April 29th may second Protest, Strikes and uprising in Kingston between May 2nd May 2eighth Mainly go in workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and Rolling Strikes throughout the Island between May 23rd June 11th All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and confess were charged with Sedition, inciting people to assemble unlawfully and refusing to move on when ordered to and taken to immure Contd ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the incarceration of the two Manley took a more prominent usage using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a mediator opposed to trade union attractor A state of emergency was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a sick person and Hart and Buchanan did not want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers also did not want Manleys advice In essence, Manleys role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the foundation for the Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) agree to Bolland The Governor appointed a board of conciliation In result Manley announced the creation of a Labour military commission which was the foundation of the Labour Party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the commissioning Contd ? ? ?Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 28th 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed credit for doing better than Manley in scathe of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was able to get workers to return to work Both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to settle some another(prenominal) claims before it Rebellions after the Release of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demonstrations Roads were blocked and telephone wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on strike in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and 3rd independently Several people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley travelled just approximately the pastoral trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem being unemployment afterwardmath ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The state deputised with a land extermination scheme, tools, seeds, etc According to the accusationers report eight people were killed, lots injured both law enforcers and civilians and over four hundred person were convicted and given punishments Rivalry emerged between the two cousins Manley founded the stacks National Party (PNP) British Fabian Socialism in September 1938 Nationalistic An autocratic mode of leading was developed by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on 23rd January 1939 Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its gold and to appoint a committee of Management potentate style of leadinghip Disunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Within the Trade Union gesture itself there was a rivalry between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were ever-changing alliances But the JWTU remained popular among the banana and dock workers in St James After a worker who was also a member of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide strike more or less workers heeded to the call and as a result a State of necessity was issued The strike was a major failure and blow to the TU movement Disunity Contd ? ? ? Bustamante broke the armistice and broke away from the Trade Union informative Council Protection from state for strike outrageers D espite the evidence of unavoidableness for unity the movements remained divided Analysis of the Rebellion ? Locality Rural interest in land ownership Urban more proletarianised ? ? ? Relations between Capital and Labour Levels of consciousness and organization of workers Known contradictions by the state Impact of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ?It provided an experience in labour politics that irreversibly changed the colonys political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of Leaders of the Labour and Nationalist Movement fitting of a board of Conciliation to settle labour disputes and make recommendations to hold open unemployment this was also an indication of acceptance for negotiation between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaicas Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The achievement of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the mid -forties ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September 8th 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNPs unexpended stepped in to revive the BITU in that respect was a call from the PNPs left wing for unity between the movements behindd on race and class consciousness which contributed to the growth of the anti-colonial and nationalist movement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for natureal reform by demanding a Bicameral legislative body.Manley was also in favour of a union After Bustamantes release the densification was solidified between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaborationism was brief and ended in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Despite the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the publication of the Moyne Commission Report All strikes failed In 1942 there was an imposing of several restrictions through legislation again Defence Proje cts and natural Services (Trade Disputes) order Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis increased unemployment The Citizens Emergency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and included groups such as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as the Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? atomic number 1 and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards moved to have the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the transferee system The Authorized Associations (Government Departments) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it forbid membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same regulation but compositors caseual(prenominal) the British governmen t revoked it and restored the right for government employees to select their own officials These efforts just did not equate into similar numbers as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWUs Operations ? ? ? ? Manleys PNP contributed to the constitutional change towards self-government in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the classes in Jamaica The PNPs policy was formally collectivised Manley expelled the 4 Hs in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ?Bustamante did not really campaign for constitutional reform but was priming himself for the hazard when it came through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) kinda the JLP advocated a conservative reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic gap JLP was back up by the old propertied elite In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the leash labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU won elections in 1946 and as Minister of Communications became a source of additional power and as a promotional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law & order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP & PNP/NWU ? ? On October 20th 1947 at Trench Pen left several BITU/JLP members dead and wounded PNP Supporter J. Nicholas after being threatened by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica Conclusion ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the ability of coordinate labour to influence class structure and class transaction Political reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of purposeful social change Trinidad and TobagoAn Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively short period of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slower because there was no common base upon which that spirit of national consciousn ess could have been forged Middle class support however, was quicker and forthcoming The earliest and longest lasting organisation of working people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmens Association (TWA) 1897 it had two divisions TWA was involved in Political reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers T Pre 1930 ? ? ?The prevalent social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully established It was only in the latter half of the 19th Century that the legislative and institutional framework was attaining that stage of development which would alter a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in oil and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main chest of drawers for collective political and industria l action Although still illegal organize Labour was clearly progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? Sugar Cocoa Prices blue referable to drop in world prices in early mid-twenties (2nd Great Depression) mechanisation of the production processes increased unemployment ? Oil although substantial shekels workers earned little T Post 1930 ? ? ? ?New radical leadership started to develop Politically motivated militant groups began to agitate and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Trinidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union ordination came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal However it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, pantryman did not register a Trade Union instead it was a politica l fellowship named Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) There was increase dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Ciprianis authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ?A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were pickings place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Ciprianis leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red residence in June 1933 T Post 1930 Contd ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette and Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the surface area By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro Welfare Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 spielivities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungr y march to POS organised by pantryman and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event marked the start of Butlers rise as a labour leader in the oilfields of southern Trinidad Links were also made between Butler and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was crazed about Indian nationalism and world socialism Butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? Butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens abode Rule Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself Chief Servant He was not a revolutionary but a traditional leader according to Bolland. he had socialist and anti- empurpledist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership centering and organisation for the emergence of Trade UnionsWhere there Employers Organisations all the darn? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the accelerator pedal that was needed for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers think peaceful (sit- downhearted) strikes restricted to the Oil Industry June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June 18th It was an island-wide labour Crisis that involved all industries including Tobago Few people died including a police officer and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction State hindrance ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Governor came up with a double policy of conciliation and repression He announced that he would judge a settlement which will be fair to employers and employees alike A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum wages) for Government Workers Oil companies hold to raise the minimum wage and shorten working hours A electric charge of inqui ry was also launched into the disturbances bodied Bargaining ? On July 25th 1937 a committee of oil workers publicly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of Collective Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empires largest producer of oil was an important determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances By the end of 1937.. ? Six Unions had gained official recognition from the colonial government, they were Amalgamated Building & Wood Workers Trade Union 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen & Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public Works Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher admittedly expressed concern over the extremely low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of reenforcement was increasing and the Governments revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had continued to get worse They dis compriseed a more humane view of workers than Employers But it was short lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to strengthens laws at the detriment of Trade UnionsImpact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The counsel recommended the creation of a labour department the appointment of a labour officer to act as mediator and arbitrator between employer and employees The nerve of an industrial Court An amendment to the workers compensation law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to run into in public These represented Labour, legislative and Political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances I mpact Contd ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage amalgamation of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the Committee of Industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour rights as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not talking to the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? The salience of race and class, and their birth to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emergence of the Labour movement in Trinidad Industrial performion at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ?Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a curry manufacturing plant who were demanding increased wages and better living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in sympathy Conciliation had failed Other Unions pledged assis tance and supported a boycott of all the stores displaying the uniform Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks annual vacation, protective clothing & a system of shop-floor representation Further Organization ? ? ? The OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour host in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade Unionists to study overseas Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? ?The enactment of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages consequent on strikes legalisation of peaceful picketing compulsory registration of Trade Unions and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The appointment of a Labour Advisor at the Comptroller of the West Indian Welfare Fund who would maintain close liaison with Labour short letterrs/Departments The initiation of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee whose members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a style of fixing wages preferable t legislation The establishment of an Industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The establishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The adoption of a Workmens salary Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry the imposition of welfare levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the spare-time activity The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, juridical office and pu blic office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style OnMay 6th 1939 Butler was released from Prison He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Unions support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler continued to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continued to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike called by him in December 1946 was productive Butler was the only Labour leader that made a received attempt to unify the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food crop sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working class ? Divisions in the labour Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African descent Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion.Political Activities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the number of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven-spot to nine and the number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzis elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzis SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?Soon after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The franchise committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a minority position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of playacting Second Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the indicate of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of public suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be literate in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property valued at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United Front (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three seats were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ?The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butlers supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 seated not to be elective On Ma y Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections 18th September 1950 Out of the 18 seats contested Butlers Party BEWCHRP won sixsome seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbean Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected Two of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypassed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elections again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the Peoples National Movement (PNM) Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act , 1972, Chapter 8801 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for the stabilization, improvement and promotion of industrial relations.The IRA provides for the following Free collective bargaining between employer and workers through their representative associations, The development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, The establishment of the Industrial Court, The recognition and registration of trade unions, The freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and Industrial action which may be taken by both employer and employee In Short Trade Union Movement Decolonisation (the establishment of democratic Westminster-style) Independence (the middle classes controlled political parties) Regional and International Alliances ? ? ? ?The TTTUC progressed into other alliances such as The Caribbean Labour Congress (CLC) began in 1945 World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) 1st conference was held in 1945 CODORIT and its parent ORIT who were financially dependent on the AFL External Factors that also affected the Trade Movement Post 1930 ? ? ? ? The second World War (WW2) 1939-1945 The decline of the British Empire The rise of the United Sates of America The Cold War 1947-1991 Globalisation ? Is one of the reasons wherefore a regional body was not formed. Issues of foreign investments, potential for wealthiness accumulation which depended largely on competition. Facts of Both Countries Jamaica Trinidad & TobagoTripartite Labour Relation & Industrial disputes Act 1975 (A1978 & 1986) Ministry of Labour advise, direction, conciliation, Pay & conditions of employment, monitors Tripartite Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 Industrial Relations Act 1972 Ministry of Labour conciliation Trade Union Act 1919 Majo rity Trade Union representational ballot pin Industrial Councils Industrial Disputes Tribunal (decision not final) Trade Union edict 1933 Trade Union Act 1950 Majority Trade Union according to Law No industry wide negotiations Industrial Court Fact of both Countries Contd Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Collective Agreements not legally binding Collective Agreements legally bindingIndustrial Action allowable only for Industrial Action permissible for interest disputes interest disputes No legal right to strike 20% Union Density as at 1988 Legal right to strike 25% Union Density as at 1988 Sequence of institutional Building ? ? ? Jamaica the trade union movement provided the base for political party growth (struggles there gave raise to constitutional reform) T similar to that of Jamaica (constitutional changes towards universal suffrage and self government gave rise to political parties) Therefore literature refers to it as the politics of labour which impacted the culture of politi cs throughout the Caribbean Conclusion ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Similar conditions exist today Similar conclusions/recommendations in all the inquiries Use the Police and the Police involvement in riots Treatment of leaders/organizers according to Elma Francois cited in Bolland In Trinidad when the workers ask for bread they get bullets and jail sentences There were two (2) sectors in upper classes (i) the colonial Power/officials and (ii) the capitalist, where the capitalist was backed by the colonial state Socio-Economic situation remained intact patronage constitutional reform Rulers became authoritarian The weakness of the Labour and Nationalist Movement was the fact individuals wanted to pursue there selfish ambitions Labour colleges were formed in both countries References ? ? ? ? ? ? On the March Labour rebellion in the British Caribbean, 1934-1939 O. Nigel Bolland The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean The Social Origins of totalitarianism and Democracy in the Labour Move ment O. Nigel Bolland Rise and Organise The turn out of the Workers and National Movement in Jamaica Richard Hart Report of the West India Commission The Moyne Commission Labour Education in the British Caribbean ed. Rawle Farley education for Trade Unionist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in the terra firma Caribbean History, Contemporary Practice and Prospect Lawrence Nurse