Elementary Education Essay Example for Free

principal(a) Education EssayThesis primary educateers may not have highest income, save they have one of the close to fulfilling careers. Introduction When thinking backward to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the instructors they had along the way. chief(a) instructors not only salt away their students to the basic concepts of inwardness subjects, they also help pave the path to each students succeeding(a) success. While the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. I. What is the role of an elementary school instructor?a. Elementary teachers play an of import part in not only the clever development but also the kind development of their students. What students learn at a young age can accept the way they see themselves, others, and the world later in life. b. Elementary teachers have the responsibility of introducing their students to the core subjects of mathematics, language, science, and mixer studies. II. Education, Training, and Certification c. The normal route to becoming a teacher involves receiving a bachelors gradation from a teacher education program, then obtaining a license. instructors in private schools are not postulate to be licensed. d. Each state honors its own individual certifications. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a voluntary interior(a) certification, which is also honored by each state. Having a National Boards certification ordinarily results in a higher(prenominal) income. III. Salary and Employment e. Teaching salaries vary by state, experience level, and location. f. Elementary teachers hold about 1. 5 million jobs. Employment is projected to grow about as flying as average, increasing 7-13% from 2008 to 2018. Elementary Education Shaping the Minds of the FutureWhen thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are th e teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each students future success. Education to wrick a teacher is long and tedious, and while the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. Because in that respect provide always be a need for education, even with the recent budget cuts, inform jobs will always have to be available roughlywhere.Elementary teachers play an important part in the intellectual development as well as the social development of their students. The education of young children can appropriate the way they view themselves, other people, and the world, and their success throughout life. Usually, one elementary teacher will teach several subjects to one class, of about 20 students. However, some will work in teams with other teachers, depending on the type of school (Career Information Elementary School Teachers. ). Teachers are faced with the responsibility of nurturing their students as well as their education.In the early old age of elementary school, teachers introduce their students to the concepts of reading, writing, and counting. In the later years of elementary, teachers have the task of introducing the concepts of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. Teachers also have multiple behind-the-scenes duties. Teachers have the duty of creating day-after-day lesson plans based on state requirements, assigning homework and making tests. They must keep records of grades made on homework assignments and tests. Teachers develop the materials that help students learn solving and reasoning.They also meet with parents of their students to discuss progress, lack of progress, and both discipline problems that may be occurring (Elementary School Teachers. ). The traditional education route to becoming an elementary teacher involves earning a bachelors degree from a teacher education program, and then earning a license. A teachers education program normally embarrasss courses such(prenominal) as the general mathematics, physical science, social science, music, art, and literature, as well as prescribed professional education courses, such as psychology of learning, and teaching methods.Normally, 4-year school schools require students to wait until their sophomore year before applying for admission to teacher education programs. Teacher education programs also require students to perform a student-teaching internship. It is not required to graduate from an accredited teacher education program to become a teacher, but it will coiffe fulfilling license requirements easier. After receiving a bachelors degree, one should obtain a license from a teacher education program. The resign Board of Education or a licensure advisory committee grants licensure.Teachers earn their degree in quint different catego ries the early childhood grades (preschool through third grade), the elementary grades (grades one through six-spot or eight), the middle grades (grade five through eight), a specific secondary subject, or a special subject, such as music. Teaching in private schools does not require a license. The requirements for regular licenses vary by state. Each state individually issues and honors their teaching licenses. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a national certification.All 50 states honor this certification, and in some cases, teachers will receive special benefits for this certification. These benefits can include higher salaries, and reimbursement for continuing education and certification fees (Teachers Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. ). The salaries of teachers can vary by school location, teacher experience, and level of education. Public school teachers in elementary schools earn an average of $47,602. Private school tea chers earn anywhere between $43,580 and $48,690. However, there are a few ways to increase a salary.Teachers have the survival of the fittest to teach summer school, sponsor or coach tautologic-curricular activities, or take on other extra duties at the school. Despite being on the lower end of income, teachers do have a non-monetary wages of fulfillment, while watching their students develop new skills and learn new concepts (Teacher Career Salary Expectations. ). Elementary teachers hold around 1. 5 million jobs. As well as affecting a teachers salary, the subjects and grade levels one is capable of teaching, and location can affect job opportunities. Jobsin inside(a) cities and rural areas will be easier to kick downstairs compared to the suburban districts. Minority teachers will be in higher demand because of an increase in minority enrollment, and the lack of minority teachers. Due to a greater human race interest in education as well as better pay prospects, the supply of teachers is evaluate to grow, and employment is expected to grow as fast as average, increasing 7-13%, in the next six years (Career Information Elementary School Teachers. ). Teachers will always be able to find jobs due to the fact that there will always be a demand for learning.Elementary teachers make a huge impact on the lives of young children. Some teachers are remembered as role models some are remembered as more of a parental figure, and some may just provide strong memories. Either way, they are an important part of each students life. They help their students develop important skills that will lead them to success in their future. Works Cited Career Information Elementary School Teachers. Campus Explorer. 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2012. http//www. campusexplorer.com/careers/DE17C02B/elementary-school-teachers/. Elementary School Teachers. Oklahoma Career Information Center. 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http//www. okcis. intocareers. org/info2. aspx? FileID=OccFileNum=100309T opicNum=0. Teachers Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos318. htm. Teaching Career Salary Expectations. EduDecisions. com. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http//www. edudecisions. com/articles/teaching/salaries. php.

Existentialism and Rebt Essay Example for Free

experientialism and Rebt EssayDuring a life sentencetime, most individuals question the centre of their globe at one point or another(prenominal). Existential therapy aims to help individuals kick d takestairs purpose, have better defined goals, and get laid life to the fullest. Existential therapy eats into account cultural, social and political values of the invitee. It attempts to help the guest live much deliberately, sm each-arm coincideing lifes unpredictable challenges and contradictions. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is antonymous to empirical therapy by providing techniques to help thickenings make changes erstwhile their aw atomic number 18ness is increased through existential discoery. Existential therapy and REBT integrated draw close to counseling whoremaster allow successful results by combining individual importation with reasonable thinking. This empowers customers to concur overlook of their lives. The outset step in the therap y process is to help the node fabricate cognizant of what changes require to be made in order to live a more fulfilling and real life. This is achieved by examining one or more existential themes. In his book Existential psychotherapeutics, Irwin Yalom describes four major themes that permeate existential psychotherapy termination, freedom, isolation, and gistlessness.In the first theme, death, here ar two major approximations that fun key factors in therapy (Yalom, 1980). First of all, death and life coexist. dismantle though physically they be clear separated, psychologically they exist simultaneously. Death is a natural disassemble of the cycle of life, and as one dies, another is given an opportunity to experience life (Kaufmann, 1975). Death is a realistic threat and a sectionalisation of our daily lives. Every day we ar alive, we are closer to death. Frankl (2006) believes that if there is a center in life at all, then there essentialiness be a meaning in scathe. torture is an ineradicable part of life, even as fate and death. Without suffering and death tender life tail endnot be complete (p. 67). Nothing in this world lasts forever. It is only natural for humans to see death as a part of life that is unavoidable. The awareness of death has a signifi foundationt impact on life and Although the physicality of death destroys man, the idea of death saves him (Yalom, 1980, p. 30). Awareness of death allows individuals to live life more fully, dependableally, and evaluate how truly precious life is.Authenticity is one of the main concepts of existentialism and is defined as man genuine, true to ones odourings and beliefs, aware of self and surroundings, and great power to successfully deal with issues assortd to existence (Sharf, 2008). community come to appreciate life more, exist mindfully and purposefully. Nietzsche wrote He that consummates his life dies his death victoriously (Kaufmann, 1975, p. 129). Those who live a complete and happy life are less carely to be horror-struck of death be have out they have experienced life to the fullest.A potential threat of life be taken aside makes it more presumable for pile to appreciate and enjoy life. Without suffering how does one know entertainment? For example, someone with fagcer who previously has taken life for granted may have a great appreciation for life after beating the illness. In such cases, stack find the urgency to take entertainment in lifes every unique moment and relish the simple joys while they still stinker. Very often the great unwashed do not value things until they are taken away or are threatened to be taken away.The second idea is that death trouble incessantly affects the way people experience their life. In addition, most anxiety comes from issues appertaind to death and decreasing anxiety is one the major goals of psychotherapy. Anxiety wad stem from more issues, such as control or fear. Fear of death is one of the significant motivators in our society. We constantly come up with new shipway to avoid death by building safer vehicles, wearing protective gear, inventing new medical treatments and procedures.Self economy is a natural instinct and anxiety related to the end of our life is an unavoidable reality. There are some reasons why individuals are afraid of death inability to take care of dependents, pain and gloom that loved ones will feel, or fear of the afterlife. But one of the most habitual reasons is the fear of nullity and loss of self (Yalom, 1980). Death anxiety can manifest itself in many different shipway (Yalom, 1980). Ones thought of missing exciting events or the go for to control the surrounding world, expose this manifestation.These un salutary thoughts help individuals ease fear of death by dealings not with the real and scare source of anxiety, plainly in straightaway, through more socially acceptable actions. Many people protect themselves from dea th anxiety by denying it. Yalom (1980) discussed two ways that accomplish this goal the last-ditch rescuer and soulfulnessal specialness. some(prenominal) ideas contain people to feel that they will not be affected by misfortune like others might be. The ultimate rescuer is a type of defense mechanism leading people to believe that someone will come into their life and save them from their paradoxs.An example of this would be a person with frightful financial problems collecting money to take care of health problems believing that someone or something will re display the needed money and the station will work itself out. Personal specialness involves the belief that one is in a way different from others and wherefore immune from the hardships of life. Personal specialness can be seen all around us a healthy woman thinking cancer will never drop dead to her, couples believing there is no way they can have an autistic child, or a teenager driving recklessly believing that there is no way he will get in an accident and die.The awareness of finiteness enables people to appreciate the surrounding world at a ofttimes deeper level and find what it is they are meant to contribute to the world. The second theme of existential psychotherapy is freedom. Freedom and province go hand in hand. Individuals who are responsible are conscious of the fact that the world is not working against them. They come to get to that their experiences are the outcomes of their sustain decisions. Some people may feel that their environment, their unconscious mind mind, or genetic make up is working against them.Existential speculation takes into consideration that these sometimes uncorrectable factors have an effect on events, but do not completely determine them. Frankl (2006) wrote regarding his experiences in a concentration camp Every day, every hour, offered the opportunity to make a decision, a decision which intractable whether you would or would not submit to t hose powers which threatened to rob you of your very self, your inner freedom which determined whether or not you would become the plaything of circumstances, renouncing freedom and dignity to become molded into the form of the typical bunko (p.66). In extreme situations as this, freedom re depicts psychological separation from a punishing situation. In this case, a person has inner freedom to choose how he feels and what he thinks. His physical freedom and material possessions can be taken away, but his thoughts, feelings, his self, cannot. People have the freedom to make any decision they choose, are responsible for these decisions and have to be able to face the outcomes.Yalom (1980) wrote that To be aware of responsibility is to be aware of creating ones own self, destiny, life predicament, feelings, and if such be the case, ones own suffering (p. 218). Having the freedom to control ones own destiny and own the insight that you and only you bring about your own life design ca n be a heavy burden to bear, but once individuals become aware of their power and accept the challenge, they can make significant improvements and live more authentically (Yalom, 1989, p. 38). Simple awareness may not be enough for change to take place.One must be willing and committed to address the negative aspects of life and become responsible for adopting new behaviors. People must accept responsibility for their lives and decisions they have made otherwise, growth and autocratic change cannot take place. The triad theme of existential therapy is isolation. Yalom (1980) discusses three types of isolation inter ad hominem, intrapersonal, and existential. Interpersonal isolation involves separation of self from others. Many factors can contribute to such isolation, such as personality, culture, or physical location.In this case the person does not have a social support network, is not involved in healthy relationships and may feel cut off from other people. Intrapersonal isolat ion takes place when a person represses certain events, separates part/separate of the psyche or no longer has pronounced personal opinions and beliefs. Yalom (1980) sums up intrapersonal isolation by verbalise that it results whenever one stifles ones own feelings or desires, accepts oughts or shoulds as ones own wishes, distrusts ones own judgment, or buries ones own potential.Lastly, existential isolation refers to the feeling of beingness alone in the world. Regardless of how many friends or family members one has and how closely they are involved together, the person is still isolated and has distinctive experiences of the surrounding world. This may be considered a pessimistic suasion of life, but it is hard to deny that each person is one of a kind, whose true feeling and experience only they can know. Isolation can be seen as a representation of individuals uniqueness. Even though isolation is a part of life, intimate relationships are vital to a fulfilling life.Frankl (2 006) wrote love is the ultimate and the highest goal to which man can aspireThe salvation of man is through love and in love. I understood how a man who has nothing left in this world still may find blissin the contemplation of his beloved (p. 37). Genuine and loving relationships, where some(prenominal) individuals are actively involved, provide means to deal with existential isolation and help people find a sense of self. The nett theme of existential therapy is meaninglessness. Many people struggle with the idea of what the meaning of their life is.People need a reason to wake up every day, go to work, do their chores, and repeat the cycle over and over again. Lack of goals, hope and purpose, can lead to stress, depression, and even suicide. It is a natural human desire to search for order, patterns, and explanations in the world. This need for organization raises the ultimate question of why and for what one lives. The quest for the meaning of life is divided into two groups of thought man throws meaning and man is in search of meaning. The first idea is non spiritual and is based on the fact that there is no prearranged meaning and people create their own reason to live.The second way of thought regarding meaning of life is spiritual. It states that meaning is predetermined by a higher power and is something that a person needs to find. Frankl (2006) wrote Everyone has his own item vocation or mission in life to carry out a concrete assignment which demands fulfillment. Therein he cannot be replaced, nor can his life be repeated. Thus, everyones task is as unique as his specific opportunity to implement it (p. 109). Regardless of the origin of meaning, it helps people truly live and keep going.As discussed earlier, the themes of death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness are used to build self-awareness in nodes. Following the point when the client is committed to qualify behavior, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) concepts and techniques are curbd to make lasting changes in the clients life. REBT therapists goal is to help clients to give up their demands for perfection and to strive to develop constructive self-acceptance as substantially as acceptance of others (Walen, DiGiuseppe, Dryden, 1992, p. 14) by overcoming their infatuated beliefs.Ir reasonable beliefs are unreasonable, do not represent substantial events, commonly involve black and white thinking, lead to anxiety and prevent people from achieving their goals (Walen et al. ,1992). Within an existential theme of death, a client who has severe death anxiety and constantly avoids participating in mingled activities in order to avoid potential dangers, would first be guided to examine the reasons for death anxiety, and the irrational belief of death threat would be challenged by the therapist. There are six rulers of REBT (Walen et al. , 1992).The core idea of the theory is that we feel what we think (Walen et al., 1992, p. 15). External factors do no t cause people to feel a certain way, but rather peoples internal perceptions and interpretations contribute to the destructive emotional and behavioural reactions.The next rule is that irrational thinking causes the majority of emotional distress. Irrational thought patterns such as musts, shoulds and exaggerations can create extreme anxiety in individuals and make them feel out of control. The third principle states that by changing thinking patterns, the person can deluge anxiety causing feelings. Another principle discusses various factors that affect ways of thinking.According to Sharf (2008), Albert Ellis took into account biological and social factors that affect human emergence and susceptibility to develop irrational beliefs. Ellis believed that people have inborn drives to think irrationally and react to the environment in certain way. People are also strongly affected by their interpersonal relationships. Ellis lay out that if others perceive the person as worthy, the person is more likely to perceive himself as worthy, too. Our society as a whole contributes to this way of thinking by telling us that we must and have to do things a certain way.For example, parents telling kids to eat everything on their plate. This promotes the belief in children that if they do not nail a meal, they have failed. In adulthood, this can lead to obesity and other health problems, as well up as irrational patterns of thought related to food. The fifth principle encourages clients to focus on the present. People may become stuck in the past and previously used thinking and coping patterns. By doing so, they are not able to leave behind destructive habits and move towards healthier ways of dealing with issues.Finally, REBT has an optimistic view and promotes that people can change. With hard work and determination, irrational and self-defeating thoughts can be reduced and lead to a more satisfying life. REBT uses a three part model to help clients quash their iss ues A as activating event or adversities, B as belief and C as consequences. A is the perceived unfortunate event in the persons life which spurs self-defeating reactions. B mainly includes believing, thinking, and also emoting and behaving in relation to A.C is characterized as the destructive consequences of B. According to Ellis (2002), many clients find it difficult to understand the ABC model as they wrongfully believe that A directly causes C. It is important for clients to understand that their beliefs contribute significantly to the emotionally destructive consequences. It is important for individuals to focus on the adverse event and experience the entire range of emotions that occur as a result. Clients are support to focus on specific thoughts that caused negative emotions, such as perceived musts and shoulds.Then, they are instructed to replace modify thoughts with healthier ones and work to pinpoint which thoughts contribute to positive versus negative emotions. This technique allows the client to better control their thoughts, leading to more functional emotions and behaviors. It is important to help clients understand that thinking, emoting and behaving frequently happens simultaneously rather than individually. If a client is upset with a loved one, he might be feeling hurt, thinking that he is being ignored, and behaving angrily by raising his voice all at the same time (Ellis, 2002).Clients are encouraged to honestly and openly experience feelings, accept their existence and how they influence clients lives (Ellis, 1997). Sharf (2008) discusses Ellis belief in the richness of concentrating on the long-term goals, which he calls responsible hedonism. REBT believes that use of goods and services is a significant part of life, but that many individuals focus on short-term pleasure, such as substance abuse, rather than concentrating on the long-term enjoyment of living a healthy life. Humanism is another core concept of REBT. Each person is viewed as a whole and goal-oriented being.Clients are encouraged to have Unconditional Self Acceptance, which includes assets and flaws. They are taught to value themselves because they are alive, regardless of the mistakes they have made, their socioeconomic status, noetic abilities or the type of feelings they experience. Existentialism and REBT concepts have several common characteristics, which can make the use of these two therapies together more effective than individual use. This integrated approach provides an existential framework that balances the appeal to reason with the unique human tendency to discover individual meaning (Hutchinson Chapman, 2005, p.146). According to Ellis (2002), there are seven main ways in which existential therapy and REBT practices are equivalent and therefore complement each other in achieving change in clients. First of all, both theories accept the fact that anxiety is a normal part of life. Moderate existential anxiety is what keeps people alive. The problem occurs when humans become overly concerned with certain life events and become neurotic. Second, existential theory believes that people are able to rise above potential and existing unfortunate situations.REBT also believes that people can choose to think about difficult events in such ways that do not cause distress. The third similarity is that both theories agree that it is vital to directly and firmly showclients the error in their ways (Ellis, 2002, p. 253). Clients need to be taught skills in order to make changes to destructive thoughts and behaviors. Clients are free to change, but might be unable to do so without concrete techniques. Another similarity is that both theories incorporate the idea that individuals have the freedom and power to be in control of their destiny.Ellis (1997) wrote choiceis one of the main advantages of being human you can choose, usually, to think one thing or another (p. 38). People have the ability to decide and control how t hey think, and consequently how they feel or behave in various, sometimes extremely difficult situations. They can choose to feel depressed, helpless and hopeless or take charge of a situation and focus on what they can control. The goal of purposeful living contributing to a more meaning(prenominal) and fulfilling life can be seen in existential therapy and REBT. A meaningful life helps individuals become more self-actualized and increase personal awareness.With increased awareness and meaning, people can better control self-defeating thoughts and overcome existential conflicts. The next idea that existential therapy and REBT portion out is that there is no absolute truth. Each persons experiences are subjective and unique occurrences. Every individual knows what is true for him only and it is difficult for people to come to an agreement regarding what is true (Kaufmann, 1975). Additionally, both theories focus on the present. It is important to work on problematic behaviors tha t are happening today. Past and future affect the person, but do not determine the reality.REBT techniques of staying unagitated and rational can help clients work logically on the issues of meaninglessness, isolation a nd death. The final similarity relates to the therapist client relationship. Existential and REBT therapists aim to be fully present with the client. They strive to empathize, relate and experience the world through the clients eyes. Psychological health is subjective and depends on the persons life style, culture and many other factors. However, there are a number of characteristics that can be used to define psychological health.In regard to existential theory, Sharf (2008) considers that to be truly human, individuals must be aware of their own being-in-the-world, which involves realization of ones personal value, destiny, and responsibility (p. 151). Considering existential theory and REBT, a psychologically healthy person lives rationally, authentically, purpos efully and accepts the uncontrollable life events. Authenticity is one of the main characteristics of a psychologically healthy person. Authenticity includes meaningful existence which allows individuals to feel alive, genuine, aware and fully present in the moment.Healthy individuals are honest with themselves and are able to accept their freedom to make positive choices, accept the outcomes of their decisions, and successfully cope with unanswered questions of their existence. Genuine and meaningful relationships with others are a significant part of the persons life and one is able to maintain a healthy relationship without losing a sense of self. Avoidance of feelings that one has to or must do certain things is also vital. Psychologically healthy individuals do not overreact, overgeneralize and otherwise examine situations logically and rationally.These individuals are tolerant of difficult or undesirable situations, exhibit low frustration levels, focus on long-term goals, liv e purposeful and meaningful lives. The increased state of psychological health can take a long time and requires payload and patience from the therapist and the client. According to Yalom (1989), the first step to increased psychological health is assumption of responsibility. In order for the client to change behavior patters, he must first accept that his current military position is due to his own actions.For the client to change, therapist and client must find specific issues and tensions that play into the clients life. A significant part of the therapeutic process is to facilitate the client to accept the contradictions and challenges of human existence. Therapist assists the client to set goals and find purpose in life, while accepting and rationally dealing with the obstacles that the client might have to face in the process. The main goal is to empower the client to realize his full potential, accept personal freedom, and be more aware of thinking, emoting, and behaving p atterns.Clients increase personal awareness and start living authentically, with an ability to communicate effectively with others and understand the true self. In addition, clients explore what is important to them and how they can achieve what they want in life. In the process of working through lifes nonchalant challenges and experiences, clients explore deeper issues having to do with humanity in general, such as death, isolation, and meaning. Clients learn to better control self-defeating emotions, thoughts and behaviors.They start thinking more lucidly and rationally, which gives them the ability to experience life to the fullest. There are a number of methods and techniques to help clients improve psychological health, authenticity, and life satisfaction. Existential therapy and REBT agree that each person has a unique perception of reality. In existential therapy, an important strategy is to accept the world through the clients eyes and allow the client to guide the course of therapy. Once the path of questioning is determined, the therapist uses Socratic dialog to help the client come to his own conclusions and decisions.This technique is a component of both existential therapy and REBT. It involves questions that help the client come to an understanding of a problem or situation or make a decision. Socratic dialog is used to prompt the discovery of life purpose and meaning at a spiritual levelas well as challenge the inflexible shoulds and musts, absolutistic demands, self-downing, and catastrophic beliefs (Hutchinson Chapman, 2005, p. 151). much(prenominal) ways of questioning also contribute to a buy-in from the client and improves self-discovery information retention (Walen et al. , 1992).Existential therapy and REBT take into consideration the past and future, but therapeutic change takes place in the present. By focusing on the present, the client is helped to continually self-actualize, experience his personal existence, and work through the issues preventing authentic existence. The main goal of REBT is to strife the clients irrational beliefs. The ABC model discussed earlier is the tool used to change the clients dysfunctional thinking, but in the actual therapeutic process two more elements are added D as Disputation and E as new effect.Once the activating event is clearly outlined, the therapist points out to the client his irrational beliefs which led to the undesirable consequence. Disputing involves detecting, discriminating and debating irrational beliefs. The therapist outlines and questions the clients irrational beliefs, helping the client understand the destructive thinking patterns. Now the client is manipulate to adopt a more functional way of thinking, by replacing irrational beliefs with appropriate thoughts, therefore reducing unpleasant feelings about self and others and start living a more fulfilling life.Existential discussions can help clients discover personal freedom to change their state of ex istence and find more pleasure in life. Such self-awareness can make the disputing process easier by providing the client with the power and freedom to overcome self-defeating thoughts (Hutchinson Chapman, 1992). A genuine therapeutic relationship is a vital factor in existential therapy. The therapist strives to be authentically caring and validate the clients feelings, thoughts and experiences. The client must feel comfortable expressing himself and allowing the therapist into his innermost thoughts and feelings.In order for this to happen, the therapist must communicate to the client that the client and his feeling and thoughts are fully accepted. A strong relationship also makes the client more likely to follow the therapists advice and trust the REBT disputing process. Although existential therapy and REBT are complementary in many ways, the desegregation has a number of limitations. The process counts on the client to be fairly insightful and self aware. Someone, whose intel lectual abilities are not as strong, may not benefit as much from therapy.Past experiences of the client are taken into consideration, but are not actively explored. This may limit the insight achieved by the therapist and client, therefore slowing down improvement. Additionally, this integrated approach is more targeted towards individual therapy, so family systems techniques would need to be incorporated in order to accommodate families and couples. Existential therapy and REBT have many common objectives and share a number of underlying concepts. Although this integrated approach to counseling is somewhat directive, the clients concerns and personal goals are in the center of the therapeutic process.Therapy is based on leading the client to self-discovery, authentic and rational existence. By combining themes and techniques of existential theory and REBT, clients gain the benefit of examining multifaceted existential themes with the addition of by trial and error supported REBT techniques. My interest in the integration of existential therapy and REBT originally came from personal beliefs and experiences. Congruent with existential theory, I have often questioned the purpose of my life and whether human beings are interconnected or isolated.I relate to the spiritually oriented existentialism and have always believed that every person has a certain profession the difficulty only lies in finding what it is. Consistent with the ideas of REBT, I many times find myself and people around me overreacting, overgeneralizing, and otherwise making inappropriate statements and having irrational thoughts. By becoming more aware of my own existence, thoughts, beliefs and actions, I will be able to help my clients come to similar understandings and lead more fulfilling, purposeful, and authentic lives.My philosophical inclination, my strive to understand other peoples points of view and my focus on the present will provide a healthy and successful environment for client s to achieve their therapeutic goals. References Ellis, A. , Harper, R. (1997). A sharpen to Rational Living. Chatsworth Melvin Powers Wilshire Book Company. Ellis, A. (2002). Overcoming Resistance A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Integrated Apporach. sweet York custom Publishing Company Inc. Frankl, V. (2006). Mans Search For Meaning. Boston Beacon Press. Hutchinson, G. T. Chapman, B. P.Logotherapy-Enhanced REBT An Integration of Discovery and Reason. diary of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Vol. 35, No. 2, 145-155 Kierkegaard Dread and Freedom. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). immature York The New American Library Inc. Kierkegaard Authority. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). New York The New American Library Inc. Kierkegaard Truth is Subjectivity. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp83-120). New York The New American Library Inc.Ni etzsche The Portable Neitzche. In Kaufmann, Walter (Eds) (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sarte (pp121-133). New York The New American Library Inc. Sharf, R. S. (2008). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases. Belmont University of Delaware, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Walen, S. , DiGiuseppe, R. , Dryden, W. (1992). A Practitioners Guide to Rational- Emotive Therapy. New York Oxford University Press. Yalom, I. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York Basic Books. Yalom, I. (1989). Loves Executioner Other Tails of Psychotherapy. New York Basic Books.

Types of dementia and common signs and symptoms Essay Example for Free

Types of insanity and common signs and symptoms turn outThe term frenzy describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms pop off when the brain is damaged by certain conditions and complaints, including Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Age is the greatest riskiness factor for dementia. monomania affects iodin in 14 people all over the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, dementia is not restricted to older people in the UK, there atomic number 18 over 17,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is likely to be an underestimate. Alzheimers DiseaseAlzheimers disease affects around 496,000 people in the United Kingdom and is the roughly common cause of dementia. Alzheimers disease is a physical disease which affects the brain. It was first described by a German neurologist, Alois Alzheimer. During the cour se of the disease, protein plaques and tangles develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. sight with Alzheimers also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain which argon involved with the transmission of messages. Alzheimers is a progressive disease, meaning that over sequence more split of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms become more severe. People in the early stages of Alzheimers disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words.As the disease progresses, some symptoms that a person may experience are Confusion frequently forgetting the names of people, places, appointments and recent events. Mood swings olfaction sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss. Withdrawal repayable to either a loss of confidence or communication problems. Difficulty when carrying out everyday activities a person with Alzheimers may get muddled checking their change at the shops or become unsettled how to work the television remote. So far, no one single factor has been identified as a cause for Alzheimers disease. It is likely that a combination of factors includingage, genetic inheritance, environmental factors, lifestyle and overall general health, are responsible. In some people, the disease may develop silently for many years before symptoms appear.vascular DementiaVascular dementia is the second most common hit of dementia after Alzheimers disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of note to the brain. Brain cells need a good supply of demarcation in order to be healthy and function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of smear vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells departing eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Factors that can increase a persons risk of developing vascular dementia inc lude A medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea (where breathing stops for a few seconds or minutes during sleep). A lack of physical activity, drinking more that recommended levels of alcohol, smoking, eating a fatty aliment or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated. A family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease.An Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Sri Lankan ethnic background as deviations in vascular risk factors (such as heart disease) in these communities may contribute to the increased risk. An African-Caribbean ethnic background. on that point are different types of vascular dementia Stroke-related dementia, sub-cortical vascular dementia and mixed dementia (vascular dementia and Alzheimers disease). The difference between these types depends on what has caused the damage in the brain and which part of the brain has been damaged.Common signs and sym ptoms of vascular dementia may include Problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication. Depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia.Symptoms of a stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis. Seizures.Periods of severe confusion. opthalmic mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond). Changes in behaviour (for example, rest littleness).Difficulties with walking and unsteadiness.Hallucinations and delusions.Problems with continence.Psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.Dementia with Lewy BodiesDementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a spurt of dementia which shares characteristics with both Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. It accounts for around 10% of all cases of dementia in older people and tends to be under-diagnosed. Named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, Lewy bodies are tiny, spherical protein deposits found in nerve cells. Their presence in the brain disrupts the brains practice functioning, interr upting the action of important chemical messengers. Lewy bodies are also found in the brains of people with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological disease that affects movement. Dementia with Lewy bodies is also a progressive disease, which means that over time the symptoms will become worse. DLB progresses at about the same rate as Alzheimers disease, typically over several years.Symptoms of DLB can include Problems with attention and alertness, often have spatial disorientation and experience impediment with executive function, which includes difficulty in planning ahead and co-ordination mental activities. Memory is affected, although it is typically less so than in Alzheimers disease. Slowness. muscle stiffness. trembling of the limbs, a tendency to shuffle when walking, loss of facial nerve expression and changes in the strength and tone of the voice. Experience detailed and convincing visual hallucinations, often of people or animals. Find that their abilities fluctu ate daily or hourly.Fall asleep very easily by day, and have restless, disturbed nights with confusion, nightmares and hallucinations. Faint, fall or have funny turns.Researchers have yet to understand fully why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage.Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) is a rare form of dementia. Rarer forms of dementia account for around only 5% of all dementia cases in the UK. CJD is caused by an contagious disease protein in the brain called a prion. These prions accumulate at high levels in the brain and cause permanent damage to nerve cells. There are four main types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Sporadic CJD, variant CJD, familial or inherited CJD and iatrogenic CJD. Sporadic CJD, which normally affects people over 40, is the most common form of the disease. It is estimated that the disease affects about one out of every 1 million people every year. There may be many years between a person being infected and the inform ation of symptoms. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease include Loss of intellect and memory.Change in personality.Loss of balance and co-ordination.Slurred speech.Visual problems and blindness.Abnormal jerking movements.Progressive loss of brain function and mobility.Most people with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease will die within a year of the symptoms starting, usually from infection. This is because the immobility caused by the disease can mold people with the condition vulnerable to infection.

Comparison between the “Incident” and the “Travel” Poems Essay Example for Free

parity among the Incident and the Travel Poems EssayComparison between the Incident and the Travel PoemsIntroduction offshoot metrical compositionIncidentKeep looking unbent at me.Now I was eightsome and genuinely sm in all,And he was no whit bigger,And so I smiled, but he poked outHis tongue, and called me, Nigger.I ad epoch the whole of BaltimoreFrom May until DecemberOf all the things that happened at that placeThats all that I remember.Second poesyTravelBy Edna St. Vincent MillayThe railroad track is miles away,And the day is loud with voices speaking,Yet there isnt a control goes by all dayBut I hear its whistle shrieking. All night there isnt a take on goes by,Though the night is still for sleep and dreaming,But I see its cinders red on the sky,And hear its engine steaming.My heart is warm with friends I make,And better friends Ill not be knowingYet there isnt a train I wouldnt take,No issuance where its going.Comparison between the two poems above The original aspect to comp be between the two poems above is the themes portrayed. In the inaugural poem, Incident highlights the theme of racial discrimination. The utterer in the poem tells the audience how he was travelling in a bus when he encountered an event that he says that he is unlikely to forget. He says that while in the bus travelling to Baltimore, his happiness suddenly turned to sadness when a young boy of his age called him a Niger. In stanza three, the utterer says, but he poked out His tongue, and called me, Niger. Niger is a sound out that is used to sardonically insult African-Americans living in America. The vocaliser system felt so sad and in the next eight months (from May to December) that he spent in Baltimore he cannot remember anything else but that annoying incident. In stanza quatern of the poem, the speaker confirms that he can never forget. He says, .From May to December of all the things that happened there, Thats all that I remember. On the other hand, the theme in the snatch poem, Travel, is that of discontentment. The speaker describes her feelings to the audience. She says in stanza threeMy heart is warm with the friends I make, And better friends Ill not be knowing. In these lines, the speaker says that although she is bearly happy with the friends that she has she thinks the friends that she has not met already may be better. This is a clear denotation of dissatisfaction that the speaker expresses. It is also grave to analyze the choice of the titles of the poems that the sources use and find out how relevant they are to the poem. The title that the author chooses carries too much weight in the understanding of the poem. The theme of the poem is highlighted in the title, albeit hidden and, therefore, identified after reading the whole poem. In the first poem, the title is Incident. The typo meaning of this word is a happening that is unusual. In this poem, the speaker describes an unusual happening that apparently happ ened to him. In his context, the speaker experienced an incident. Therefore, the title is very relevant to the poem. In the second poem, the title is Travel. The word travel means take to the woodsment from one location to another. In the poem, the speaker is discontented by her present state. She longs to move to the next level. She uses train metaphorically to indicate that she wants to cease the next opportunity available and move to the next level. Therefore, the title captures this desire of the speaker so vividly and, therefore, in the context of the theme in this poem, it is very relevant. The other aspect that needs comparison in these two poems is the choice of the language. The language that the author uses is aimed at making the poem interesting to the reader while bringing out the desired message. In the first poem, Incident, the author chooses to use the first person I in the poem. He allows the speaker to tell the audience about this incident in a direct manner. The r eader, who is the audience, is able to connect with the speaker when the speaker talks about himself. For instance, in stanza two, the speaker says, Now I was eight and very young,... The speaker informs the audience that, at the time of the incident that happened to him, he was eight years old and was very small. Incidentally, the second poem also uses the first person I. The speaker tells the audience about her feelings. This style improves the community between the audience and the speaker because the poem is about the speaker. In addition, the two poems have used undertake language in several instances. In the first poem, there is the use of Thats preferably of That is in the oddment stanza line four. This makes the poem informal and makes the readers connect with the speaker easily, especially in the modern times. In the second poem, instances of contractions are numerous. For example, there is the use of Ill instead of I will, isnt instead of is not and its instead of it i s in the last stanza. Again, this contraction makes the poem informal. In the modern times, the poem becomes understandable. The choice of contractions is deliberate. The contractions make the number of syllables in the lines where they are equal to the rest of the lines. Another aspect of the poems that is worthy comparison is the use of the verse technique in the poems. Both poems have a regular rhyme chassis that serve to make them more interesting to read. The rhyme pattern in the first poem is ABCB. To illustrate this rhyming pattern, it is necessary to pick the last words in one stanza. In this case, the last stanza has last words as Baltimore, December, there and remember. In the case of the second poem, the rhyme pattern is ABAB. The last stanza has the last words as make, knowing, ..take and .knowing. The words illustrate the regular rhyme pattern. The same patterns are repeated throughout the poems. The regular rhyme pattern help make the poem rhythmical and lyrical. It is important to compare the conception in each, and the sapidity used in either poem. In the first poem, the mood is jovial initially as depicted in the first and the second stanza. The speaker expresses his joy when he smiles at the stranger boy. However, the mood changes to sadness after the speaker is insulted by the boy when he calls him Nigger. As the mood changes, so does the tone. It starts as joyfully to a somber one. In the second poem, the tone is optimistic. The speaker is optimistic and hopeful of a better future. However, there is some tinge of negativity in the tone in the first two stanzas. This negative tone expresses speakers dissatisfaction about her current status. The first poem uses imagery when the speaker tells the audience how he saw a boy staring straight at him. He smiled at him. The reader can vividly see the mental image of the speaker smiling at the stranger. In the second poem, the author employs metaphor by using a train to signify different paths i n life. The speaker says that ..Yet there isnt a train I wouldnt take, No matter where its going in the last stanza. It means that the speaker is willing to take any path in life although there is no opportunity that is presenting itself. In addition, the second poem has employed personification in the first stanza when the speaker implies that the Train whistling and shrieking. The two poems have so much in common. The similarities emanate from the choice of the language and the styles employed. Therefore, it is clear that poets have one thing in common as far as their writing skills are concerned. They have a rich background of poetry techniques. They endlessly employ them appropriately to suit the message intended to be delivered.ReferencesSt, John R. A. Explorations in Literature. Greenville, S.C BJU Press,2013. Print.Source scroll

Example of a Reflective Writing Essay Example for Free

Example of a Reflective Writing EssayAn example of good reflective writing integration of theory with ad hominem experience justification and explanation of person experience using relevant theory as ache provides insight into the authors observations of the theory appropriate use of language analysis of theory indoors the context of own experience. Organisational potpourri and development theory suggests that models are a good way of providing inter convert practitioners with strategies to plan, implement and move through various stages of transfigure (Waddell, Cummings Worley, 2007).While it is arguable that models are reusable in providing guidelines for change practitioners, I feel that they are not necessarily an accurate representation of how change is actually experienced in organisations. I take in worked in an organisation that has been through repeated change throughout the duration of my employment. My experience of change has been somewhat different from ho w it is reflected in change models.For example, as an employee I have not been involved in the initial planning stages of change, nor have I been involved in diagnosis at an individual level, therefore I am unclear as to what happens during these stages. From an individual perspective, it feels as though change is planned and implemented in my organisation at the senior levels of management without competent input or information to and from staff. Further, from my perspective, change is not experienced in a smooth musical mode as suggested by change models.I have experienced change that has not appeared to move beyond the unfreezing stages (Lewin, 1947), and I have also experienced change that has regressed at different stages rather than move forward. If I were to work with employees as a change practitioner, I would highlight the realities of change so that employees are awake(predicate) that there are multiple experiences in addition to the prominent way of viewing this proces s (McShane Travaglione, 2007, p.502) at bottom academic references.An example of poor reflective writing colloquial/non-academic writing style opinion-based without justification or explanation lack of engagement with theory links to references not made generalisation of opinion. In my conjecture I have been though a lot of change and there is no way that what the change models say is right. My experiences of change have all been bad and there is no way that anybody could have had a good experience of change.I dont call in change models are useful as they pretend that change is an easy process which is different from my opinion that no change is easy. I think I can speak for everyone when I say that managers dont manage change properly as I have never seen the stages of any models within my organisation. This might be because my manager is a poor communicator which is what all the staff think. In my opinion, change models shouldnt be taught to students as they can wholly teac h students to think about change in the wrong way which doesnt help employees who have to go through it.

Electromagnetic spectrum Essay Example for Free

electromagnetic spectrum EssayMany of the well-known scientists explore several types of waves and gave their theories, statements, and practical applications in this field. These waves atomic number 18 composed in a manner so one can measure their wavelength and frequency as well. These types of wavelength ar say as Low notes and High notes. Low notes have a low frequency and a vast wavelength where as High notes have high frequency and a shorter wavelength.These electromagnetic waves atomic number 18 pass on of electrically charged plane sectionicles, such waves ar also declared as Electromagnetic Radiation, as they shine initially from the electrically charged particles. These waves can easily pass through any empty space, transfer and other more substances as well. According to research it was explored by legion(predicate) of the scientist that these radiations has fundamentally a dual Personality as it behaves as waves and stream of particles which are known as photons as well.In profit the photons have no group as well as they have very short wavelength too. (Alvino, G, 75) SECTIONS OF electromagnetic SPECTRUM basically electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelength and photon energies as well. The spectrum is usually segmented into seven sections, which are declared as X-ray, Infrared, and Ultraviolet, Microwave, Visible, da Gamma ray radiation and Radio waves. INFRARED RAYS Fundamentally this particular boundary Infrared covers a wide range of frequency. The wavelength range initiates from about 1 millimeter down to 750 nm.Those rays, which are somewhat adjacent to visible spectrum, are called Near infrared and those who have longer wavelength section are declared as Far infrared. These rays are widely utilized in exploring vibration spectra of molecules. In connections with matter, infrared mainly acts to place molecules into pulsation. These rays doesnt have good impact on atmosphere as it never penetrate atmosphere but still infrared are utilize to initially acts to dress circle molecules into vibration. VISIBLE LIGHT-This is fundamentally the narrow visible section of electromagnetic spectrum. This thin section keeps up a correspondence to the wavelengths closer to the maximum of the Suns radiation curve. Visible light is mainly utilized in elevating electrons to higher energy levels. In this particular case white light can be separate into its spectral colors by dispersion in a prism. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS Ultraviolet rays are approximately below the region where visible light is explored and this was proofed by many of the well-known scientist by their statements and their theories as well.In addition these rays cause harm as it has shorter wavelength that can reach the ionization energy for many molecules, so this outcome in hazards to other ionizing radiations as well. While welding, protective eye shields must be utilized because this ultraviolet substance of welding arcs can inflame once e yes. X-RAYS When high-energy electrons struck a metal target then these rays start penetrating, they are highly penetrating rays. According to research it was explored that scarce after the discovery of x-rays they are started being used in medical to image broken bones.Fundamentally when these rays have interaction with matter they ionize radiations and generate physiological possessions, which are basically never find with any exposure of non-ionizing radiation, such as the risk of mutations or cancer in tissue. GAMMA RAYS Gamma rays are generally utilized to denote electromagnetic radiation from the center as a part of a radioactive process. Fundamentally their nuclear energy is extremely high as such radiations are initiated in the electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus as a part or as a result of radioactive procedures.X-rays and Gamma rays are quite identical as they both are electromagnetic rays, these are simply some declaration regarding source rather than implying different kinds of radiation. (Alvino, G, 75-79) Below is the table, which will ply you better understanding and clear the entire conceptions as well. Wavelengths, frequencies, and energies for selected regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are mentioned in this, which was fundamentally result of several researches.

Trauma, sexual trauma & counselling Essay Example for Free

psychic trauma, sexual trauma charge Essay A strain we feel at different cartridge holders/in different situations mark of external forces impinging on the person (unemployment, crime, etc) Set of psychological physiological reactions (racing heart, sweating palms etc) endure be opportunity for growth The spark that pushes us into action The extent to which an individual experiences stress depends on the event, together with the individuals personality ability to portion outCrises A normal reaction to a gruelling experience an individual has not faced before In crises a person feels Confused, buryed unable to cope behind be an external event, or an internal one caused by development A bit point An opportunity to learn skills, find resources adaptTraumaTrauma Definitions Situations in which the victim is rendered incapacitated and great danger is involved Profound deviation from normal life experienceTHUS sudden, overwhelming, unanticipated, suggests holy alarm of injury or death. experience fear, helplessness, loss of control extreme powerlessness Traumatic events extraordinary overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life generally involve threats to life or bodily integrity, or a close personal encounter withviolence or death. Most notable characteristicthe feelings of helplessness terror that victims ar left to deal with.4The Effects of Trauma Trauma overtaxes the ability to cope Can damage mental health Traumatised people feel act as though their nervous systems cause been disconnected from the present Persistent expectation of danger Imprint of the traumatic event that does not run Numbing response of giving up that becomes generalised. Psychologically mentally, trauma refers to wounding of emotions, will to live beliefs rough the self the world dignity and sense of self security Impacts normal ways of thinking feeling, so previous coping mechanisms to handle stress is no longer functional. Victim feels li ke a thing, a vulnerable object, subject to the will of a power/force greater than themselvesDifferent Kinds of Traumas Natural disasters(flood, fire, hurricane, etc) unreal catastrophes(war, terrorism, bus disasters, etc) Unintentional violence(car accidents, culpable homicide) Intentional violence (forms of victimisation involving threat to life, health limb) Trauma caused by nature DisasterTrauma caused by humans AtrocityDirect vs verificatory Trauma In target trauma affects those exposed to or witnessing the traumatic event symptoms of in signal victims can be identical to those of direct victims family of the victim, those in helping profession, children in domestic violence situations Can be a victim of direct indirect trauma at the same time witnessing a rape/murder while organism held hostage.Single vs Multiple Trauma Trauma can be a single event, or sextuple events (being hijacked more than once) Continuous vs Complex Trauma Continuous Traumatic stress Situation s in which people are exposed to ongoing trauma Residents of areas with high levels of violent crime Repeated exposure to violent situations arm a numbing response to additional traumatic events, making it difficult to detect they are traumatised Can seem lethargic or depressed, arrogatet understand what is going on so dont seek assistance Complex Trauma Situations in which victims experience prolonged, repeated traumatic events normally there is a relationship between the victim offender Victim is under control of offender, and cannot bilk for an extended period First trauma is unexpected, but over time the victim awaits further incidents with awfulpsychological tension Eg marital rape or child sexual abuseConclusion race respond differently One persons stressful event can be some other persons traumaAll are relative to how individuals react to situations A hypothetical continuum plots stress, crises trauma, plotting the ontogenesis in intensity In practice it can be d ifficult to draw distinctions, the clients definition should always be used1.2 DEFINING SEXUAL TRAUMA Sexual trauma is Trauma of a sexual nature The trauma creates emotional turmoil for the subsister May impair the survivors functioning in certain areas (self-esteem, relationships sexuality) Problems may manifest much later, when the survivor develops understanding of the incorrectness of theactivities they participated in,given that participation may even have been passive.91.2.1 Rape and Child Sexual offense 1 in 4 children in SA are sexually ill-use at some time Just as many boys as girls under age 10 are sexually abused 80% of offenders are well known to, and trusted by, their victims There has been a significant increase in young offenders (