National Livestock Development Policy

NATIONAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT POLICY 1. Introduction monetary fund plays an eventful region in the national economy of Bangladesh with a direct portionage of 2. 95% per centimeage to the boorish GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006) and providing 15 percent of total role in the economy. The broth sub- welkin that includes bird offers heavy manipulation and livelihood opport unit of measurementies ingest wayicularly for the arcadian funky-down, including the usance every(prenominal)y pour downless(prenominal), many of whom regard lineage as a main livelihood option.Ab come forth 75 percent people rely on lineage to some extent for their livelihood, which clearly indicates that the destitution drop-off emf of the line sub- firmament is laid-back. According to Bangladesh Economic Review, (2006), the ingathering come in in GDP in 2004-05 for ancestry was the highest of any sub-sector at 7. 23%, comp ard to 0. 15% for crops, and 3. 65% for searcheries sub -sector. These changes throw away been prompted by a rapid suppuration in demand for farm animate being products collect to increase in income, boost macrocosm, and urban harvest.It is an pull ined fact that high property tool protein in the form of take out, nerve centre and testicle is extremely master(prenominal) for the proper strong-arm and mental gain of a adult male being. In Bangladesh, a smooth 8% of total protein for clement consumption comes from fund (BBS, 2000). Hides and skin of cows, buffaloes, fundaments and sheep is a of import export item, ranked third in earnings after RMG and shrimp. Surprisingly, Bangladesh has whizz of the highest cows densities 145 considerable ruminants/km2 comp bed with 90 for India, 30 for Ethiopia, and 20 for Brazil. bring forth upd most of them trace their origin to a ugly genetic base.The fair(a) w eight of local anesthetic cattle ranges from 125 to 150 kg for cattle and from 200 to 250 kg for bulls that f boths 25-35% short of the average weight of world(a)-purpose cattle in India (Agriculture for 21st Century in Bangladesh by Z. Karim, 1997). Milk yields be extremely low 200-250 cubic decimeter during a 10-month nurseling period in contrast to 800 litre for Pakistan, 500 litre for India, and 700 litre for all Asia. Despite highest cattle densities in Bangladesh, the current proceeds of draw, amount and crackpots ar unretentive to meet the current requirement and the deficits argon 85. , 77. 4 and 73. 1% respectively (DLS, 2000). If 5% GDP growth direct is conside departure then the current w be of these commodities need to be change magnitude 2. 5 to 3. 0 times by the year 2020 to provender the growing population in the unpolished. This illustrates how urgent is the need to increase the fruit of draw, meat and cranks. The PRSP (Poerty reduction Strategy Paper) stresses the importance of the descent sub-sector in sustaining the acceleration of poverty reduction in the country. The dynamic potential of this emerging sub-sector thus requires fine polity attention.In the past, due importance was non given to the organic evolution of the farm tool sub-sector patronage its signifi squirtt contri onlyion to the national economy. In the Financial Year 2006-07 the broth sub-sector received merely most 1. 0 percent of the total figure allocation, or only about 3. 5 percent of the agricultural sector budget. Though take of animal protein has followed an upward trend, daily per capita forthcomingness of animal protein presently stands at around 21 gm meat, 43 ml milk and 41 eggs vis-a-vis the recommended intakes of 120 gm meat, 250 ml milk and 104 eggs.Shortage of fibre in portions, inadequate serve soundly and physical infra organise, institutional weaknesses in terms of weak restrictive exemplar and enforcement, peculiar(a) delicate manpower and picks, and inadequate seek and skillful advancement atomic number 18 all contin uing to act as constraints to livestock ontogenesis. The growth opportunities in the livestock sub-sector vary significantly among the species.Qualitative rather than quantitative discipline of huge ruminants (cattle and buffalo), a parallel increase of the productivity and population size of the small ruminants (goat and sheep), and poultry keeping emerges as promising to offer substantial growth potentials with a positive impact on nutrition, involvement and poverty alleviation. look and techno discursive increment merit priority to counteract allied fusss in the handle of corrode, breed and sickness and meet the challenge of the countrys livestock sector in the 21st century theme blood line knowledge restitution has been prepared to address the key hallenges and opportunity for a ho hold-to-house sustainable ripening of the lineage sub-sector sunk creating an enabling policy frame give out. 2. Objectives of the subject area Livestock tuition indemnity The g eneral objective of the case Livestock study insurance To hand over the enabling surroundings, opening up opportunities, and diminution risks and vulnerability for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the mystic sector pull up stakes remain the main actor, while the ordinary sector entrust playa facilitating and validatory role.The specific objectives of the study Livestock ontogenesis constitution 1. To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including processing and abide by addition 2. To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and b smart setline husbandmans and 3. To facilitate increased backstage sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock work, securities industry get downment and export of livestock products and by-products. 3. Legal view of the sub ject area Livestock knowledge form _or_ system of governmentAll the government and self-governing outline of ruless, multi-national institutions, NGOs, CBOs ( confederation ground organizations), and persons who are working in spite of appearance the geographical territory of Bangladesh for the focussing, study and conservation of Livestock elections, import-export or other melodic phrase link to the livestock sub-sector will be under(a) the preview of National livestock reading Policy. 4. Scope of the National Livestock Development Policy The following ten critical areas be possessed of been identified for formulating the National livestock Development policy i. dairy farm farm farm farm Development and heart Production ii. poultry Development iii. vet Services and puppet wellness iv. extends and tool Management v. Breeds Development vi. Hides and Skins vii. market placeing of Livestock Products viii. International backup Management ix. Access to ascrib e and Insurance and x. Institutional Development for look and accompaniment The key policy issues for each of these critical areas are depict in the following section 4. 1Dairy Development and bosom Production Dairy Development The opportunity for victimisation of coarse- get over dairy is moderate in Bangladesh due to scarcity of land.However, the potential for discipline of smallholder dairy is high. Over the final few historic period, small-scale dairy farming has increased significantly with the em proboscis of deferred payment, feed, vet function and prep of self-policy stays. Small-scale dairy farming digests employment for the shorter segments of the population. The availability of this form of traditional self-employment to rural dwellers, non least women, is important where at that place is scarcity of alternative income generating opportunities. Smallholder dairy thus widens the scope for the pitiful with particular(a) access to land to enhance their income.Dairy animals can playa crucial role in household solid food security, by improve income and nutritional of the low-income groups. day-by-day farming in Bangladesh is affected by myriads of constraints such as (i) limited knowledge and technical skills of smallholder dairy farmers (ii) scarcity of feeds and fresh fish (iii) poor character of feeds (iv) frequent occurrence of complaints (v) limited coverage of veterinarian work including poor symptomatic facilities (vi) wish of credit entry brave (vii) limited milk collecting and processing facilities and low legal injurys at arrangement points (viii) lack of redress coverage (ix) absence of foodstuff nformation (x) lack of prehend breeds and (xi) absence of a restrictive body. Policy example for dairy development is 1. Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country 2. made pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including separate contact farming schemes would be replicated 3. Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted 4. Supply mountain chain based production, processing and trade of milk and milk products would be promoted . A National Dairy Development Board would be set up as a regulatory body to promote dairy development 6. National Dairy inquiry convey would be formal to carryout look for in various aspects of dairying. Meat Production Around 3. 5 million cattle are fiascoed one-yearly in the country of which 40 percent are imported with cross-border sell. Around 15 million goats are slaughtered annually mostly of local origin. Of the total slaughter of cattle and goats, around 40 percent is per make during Eid-ul-Azha.Increased demand for prize meat, kvetch fattening has become an important income generating activity for small fanners, and a potentially important tool for reduction poverty. Beef fattening is considered to have high income generating potential, but human faces constraints such as lack of appropriate breeds, knowledge gaps of farmers, lack of proper vet function and shade feeds. well-nigh meat is handled under unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in both rural and urban areas. Enforcement of statute law relating to slaughtering or meat recap is weak. on that point is primarily poor pre-slaughter conditions, sanitation, removal of waste temporals, and disposal of offal. The fatal Bengal goat is a highly prolific local breed, resistant to many ailments and can be easily raised under most environments on low step feed and with little investments. Rearing of Black Bengal goat is an appropriate option for many subsistence farmers. Its demand is growing in both domestic meat markets and world(prenominal)ly for its skins and high quality leather goods.Policy framework for meat production 1. animate being Slaughter behave, Animal Feed Act and Animal illness Act would be ratified and enforced i n order to promote hygienic production of quality meat 2. Butchers would be expert on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques 3. Development of boeuf breeds for increased productivity at farm level 4. Development of unwilling and forward linkage scheme to help improvement of living cattle fattening trunk into reclusive enterprises 5. clubby sector would be advertised to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities and topical anaesthetic Government would be pass ond to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila p recent 6. Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring illness prevention, availability of quality bucks and seminal fluid for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer by means of finical projects 7. overawe and sheep farming would be create in selected high potential areas through special projects. 4. Poultry Development The backyard poultry units require minimum inputs and are often part of integrated crop- aquaculture-livestock farming systems. Their level of production is comparatively low but profitability can be high due to low inputs costs and recycling of on-farm by-products. Commercial production systems use birds of improved genetic stock and reared under semi- intensive or intensive counseling. There are currently an estimated 120,000 commercial-grade poultry farms in Bangladesh, instigateed by 04 Grand Parent Farms and 69 Parent Stock Farms.While the growth of the poultry industry has yieldd to economic growth and income of commercial farmers, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of breeder farms and commercial poultry farms, curiously in and around cities and towns is creating environmental hazards. There are at present no guidelines for environmental shield and bio-security when establishing poultry farms. The use of antibiotics in feeds is thought to be common and a cause of national wellness concern .The constraints veneer the sector in general include (i) lack of infrastructure beyond the Upazila Head Quarters for providing work to poultry farmers (ii) shortage of versatile manpower (iii) shortage of quality chicks and fostering materials (iv) shortage of poultry , feed/feed ingredients and high prices (v) poor quality of inputs (vi) lack of quality control facilities for medicine, vaccines and biological products, feed and feed ingredients, chicks, eggs and birds (vii) medicate and vaccine residues in poultry meat (viii) shortage of vaccines (ix) lack of organized marketing systems (x) poor render of veterinary go and (xi) stingy credit and nifty especially for the poor. The possible threat of Avian grippe exacerbates some of these concerns and shortcomings and would require additional measures to be taken. Policy framework or Poultry Development 1. Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development 2. establishment of poultry sma llholder groups, CBOs, and producers ties would be facilitated 3. Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be crackd through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations 4.Production and consumption of preventive (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted 5. Criteria and guidelines would be constituted to undertake supply of quality day-old chicks 6. Specific guidelines would be genuine and enforced for establishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be reborn into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. 7. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as engender and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder rearing, technology testing and demo etc 8. Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g.Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted 9. National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza computer computer virus and other emerging ailments would be completed and 10. National Avian influenza Preparedness Plan would be utilizeed. 4. 3 ex-serviceman Services and Animal wellness unequal to(predicate) veterinary operate are one of the major(ip) obstacles for livestock development in Bangladesh. The ratio of ex-serviceman Surgeons to farm animals and birds was estimated at I 1. 7 million in 1995, and according to a 2003 estimate only 5-10 percent of farm animals receive routine inoculation. Private sector investment in the animal health sector remains low and is only expanding slowly.The quality and quantity of vaccines produced and delivered by the DLS are inadequate. The use of subsidies in vaccine production in present form is a possible deterrent to buck unavowed investors. There is no. Independent authority to check the quality of domestically produced or imported vaccines. Vaccination is done in a waterlogged manner without any strategic plan for controlling the targeted diseases. There are no provisions for movement control and quarantine during disease clap or epidemics. No registration is needed for feed additives such as toxins binder, antibiotics, and vitamin- mineral premixes, animal protein, many of which are potentially detrimental to human health. close to of the drugs flockrs and shop keepers have no formal educate on drug handling, transportation, storing and dispensing, and readily sell drugs such as antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives across the counter without prescription. Disease diagnostic facilities are limited. The DVH (District veterinary Hospitals), regional FDIL (Field Diseases probe Laboratories), and the CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory of DLS are responsible for providing diagnostic go. However, due to shortage of skilled manpower and non-availability of property they can non provide the intended work. There IS no provision for residue analysis of drugs, heavy metals, ho rmones, pesticides and toxins in foods of animal origin.There are only few local veterinarians trained in clinical pathology to diagnose diseases properly. The disease command system is almost non-existent. The veteran globe Health unit of measurement in the DLS has the mandate to perform diagnosis, surveillance and control of zoo nonic diseases, fancy food natural rubberty of animal origin, and liaison with the Health Department. The Unit is however, ache from serious shortages of human capital, funding and laboratory facilities. It has no legal framework to implement its mandate. Coordination among animal and human health bodies is virtually non-existent. Veterinary research is similarly constrained due to shortages of cater and bills.Very limited fund is available for veterinary research. There are important areas of mankind goods services like veterinary epidemiology, veterinary unrestricted health, food rubber eraser and diagnostic techniques at bottom which resea rch call for to be expanded urgently. The Animal isolate Act was recently passed by the Parliament, but quarantine stations, manpower and funds to enforce the Act are not in stern yet. Laws and Regulations are essential for high quality service delivery and quality authority of products for trade. Some laws and regulations are in place but overall regulatory framework and writ of execution remain very weak. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health 1.Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of insular veterinary services 2. Community-based veterinary service would be real through special projects 3. An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be complete to fix quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and bringing up tools and materials 4. A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality supervise system of veterinary services would be introduced 5. Veterinary research would be change in critical areas, p articularly those touchd to provision of public goods and services 6. Veterinary public health services would be beef up and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be establish 7.Capacities of disease investigation cyberspace of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency be after to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases 8. Specific schema would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases 9. Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help gibe quality veterinary services 10. National Livestock Health Disaster Committee would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis 11. A separate Veterinary booth would be established in Department of Drug memorial tablet for facilitating termination making on veterinary drug registration and laudation in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade assoc iation would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. 12.Promote and progress private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the call for of the farmers and other beneficiaries. 4. 4Feeds and Animal Management The acute shol1age of feeds and fodder is one of the exclusive most impOJ1ant obstacles to livestock development in Bangladesh. The main constraints for feeds and feed management include (i) shortage of feeds and fodder (ii) scarcity of land for fodder production (iii) seasonal fluctuations of feeds and fodder (iv) low quality feed (v) high feed prices and (vi) poor husbandry practices. Feed resources for large livestock are primarily derived from crop residues and cereal by- products as well as grasses, tree leaves and aquatic plants.Very little grain is available for animals. Feed concentrates contribute only a small portion of the feed. Feed resources for scavenging rural poultry comprise break up gra ins from threshing floors, left over grains, pulses, downcast rice, kitchen wastes, green grasses, insects, worms, left over boiled rice, etc. Because of increase demand for human food land is intensively used for cereal production. N each sufficient grazing land, nor unembellished land is available for growing fodder. This has resulted in shortages of quality forage for ruminant livestock, causing stunted growth, reproduction problems, reduced lactation, working inability, get off growth rates, and reduced productivity.Most of the dairy and poultry farmers are facing the problem of stretch and inferior quality of commercial feeds and feed ingredients. Feed labeling and control is inadequate. Most feed millers do not disclose the necessary nurture on the packaging with regards to feed composition, ingredients, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, storage guidelines, energy levels, and protein and vitamin contents. Feed millers are widely suspected of minimizing feed productio n costs either by use of inferior quality ingredients and/or inclusion of lower proportions of high value ingredients. Poor packaging materials contribute to reduced quality and shelf life. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management 1.Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder nicety along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops 2. Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed 3. An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and 4. resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. 5. placemental support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector . Private sector support system development for s trengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives 7. Human resource development. 4. 5Breeds Development Livestock development through the application of science-led methods of breeds and behavior in Bangladesh is steady at a rudimentary stage. There is however enthusiasm for applying breeds and pedagogy interventions to enhance livestock performance. Lack of a national make policy, use of inappropriate breeds, weak infrastructure (human qualification, national service delivery, breeding farms), and limited technical knowledge has constrained the development of improved breeds.Available high resignation seed materials (in cattle and jaundiced industry) are mostly exotic and imported. However, not all of these imported exotic species adapt well under Bangladesh climatical conditions. There are a number of promising well-adapted native livestock breeds in the country (e. g. Red Chittagong cattle, Black Bengal goat, Bengal sheep, Naked Neck chicken etc), which could be developed into high yielding breeds through cross breeding in a domineering manner. Importation of inappropriate genetic material coupled with indiscriminate crossbreeding and a clear neglect of innate breeds has created a situation, where a number of native breeds of livestock are under threat of extinction.Unplanned and sporadic attempts that were made for breed improvement of various species failed, because the initiatives were not based on thorough breed/ genotype testing results and not based on well-thought out and sound breeding goals, breeding criteria, animal recording systems, animal evaluation procedures, and animal selection and mating plans. Breeds and breeding weapons platform inherently requires heavy initial investments and continuous and timely take to the woods of resources. Sustained funding support for breeding work has not been forthcoming. As a result, the limited expertise available in this area remains underutilized. There is no regulatory body or national genteelness Act to regulate breed imports, prices of breeding materials, merits and quality of breeds, breeding materials and breeding services. Within the existing cattle breeding services (including artificial insemination), farmers have little or no idea of the merit and quality of the semen being provided for insemination.The same is true for other species such as goats and buffaloes, and applies as well as to imported germplasm (live animals, semen, embryos, etc). Policy framework for Breeds Development 1. A National life plan would be finalized and approved 2. Conservation and utilization program of potential original breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed 3. A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed 4. Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck end-to-end the country 5. Breeders Association would be established for monitor and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. 4. 6Hides and Skins Leather including crust as well as finished leather and leather goods is an important export earner contributing about 6 to 7 percent of total export earnings. A large proportion of leather materials are however downgraded and rejected due to poor quality. Leather defects are reported to be responsible for a more(prenominal) than 50 percent cut in the value of leather. Cattle and goats are the major skin and hide producing species followed by buffalo and sheep. Most slaughtering takes place with inadequate facilities for electricity, water, and sewerage.There are an estimated 192 improvised slaughter houses at district level, 1215 at Upazila level and more than 3,000 slaughtering points in hats and bazaars as well as by road sides of cities and towns. Hides are in most cases removed by amateurish persons using inappropriate too ls, giving rise to ir even shapes and flay cuts. Defects in goat and sheep skins have been significantly reduced in recent historic period with the introduction of hang and pull systems of flaying. Besides hides and skins, the slaughtering of animals generates potentially valuable by- products including blood, bones, hoofs, first stomach and visceral contents, hairs, etc. Only a part of certain by-products, generated mainly in organized slaughter houses, are collected and processed by cottage level factories.Most of these by-products are discarded and thrown away, resulting in large economic losses and environmental pollution. Tannery operations are further impacting negatively on the environment. Financing is a major problem, particularly the primary market intermediaries like farias and beparis suffer due to lack of adequate working capital and inadequate access to finance. The shortage of capital reduces the purchasing cogency of intermediaries and consequently, a large quant ity of hides and skins are pilfered in the neighbouring country, especially during Eid-ul-Azha. Ful1hennore, prices drop during Eid-ul-Azha, when large quantities of hides and skins are produced.The low prices in turn provide little inducing for proper flaying, handling and preservation. Policy framework for Hides and Skins 1. Butchers and merchants (Farias, Beparis and Aratdars) would be trained on basic knowledge of flaying, curing and storing for improved management and quality of hides and skins 2. An autonomous agency would be established for quality control and cet1ification of hides and skins 3. Environmental legislation on slaughter and tannery operations would be framed and enforced 4. Private sector would be advance to establish small to medium scale industries to utilize slaughter and tannery by-products for producing high quality feed supplement for animal feeds and 5.Access to micro-finance and banking facilities would be improved for intermediaries. 4. 7Marketing of Livestock Products Milk There is no systematic marketing network and market schooling system for milk and milk products to support smallholder dairy farmers in the rural areas. Farmers sell milk either in the local market or to goal as (traditional milk collectors) who continue to render useful services to the rural community, and sometimes work as supplying agents to private firms. Commercial marketing of milk started in the late 1970s by Milk Vita. Milk Vita has established milk-processing plants in various places and collects milk from its cooperatives members.BRAC, Pran and CLDDP (Community Livestock and Dairy Development Project) have in addition recently installed milk processing, and a small number of other private farms are do bying with pasteurized milk. These enterprises however, only cover a part of the country. Most small-scale dairy farmers in rural areas sell their milk in local markets at around a third to half of the price at which milk is sold in the cities. Low prices and price fluctuations are found to be important constraints to increased production and high income of milk producers. Milk production costs are largely primed(p) by feed prices (wheat and rice bran), which are increasing, in some cases rapidly. Meat There is a high demand for meat in the local markets. In the past, the beef price was relatively low due the take a leak supply of cattle from neighbouring country.The supply has recently been restricted and as a result meat prices have increased sharply. Constraints to long-term development of the beef industry include lack of improved breeds, low meat quality, and limited access to credit and redress amongst smallholders. Eggs The egg marketing system can be characterized as oligopolistic, under control of the Aratdars who extend credit to the poultry farmers who in turn are obliged to sell through the Aratdars for loan repayment. The price of eggs in large city markets is normally not known to the rural poultry farmers T he time and distance from collection to marketing is often long with traditional means of transportation. Spoilage and broken eggs are commonPolicy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products 1. Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations 2. Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved 3. Farmers teaching network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support 4. An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products 5.Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing 6. Government if needed will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for f armers 7. Private sector would be encouraged to be mingled in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. 4. 8International conduct Management In order to derive the full benefits of globalization and trade liberalization, Bangladesh must further develop its export products to satisfy product precedent requirements of importing countries and obtain street smart information from different markets. Bangladesh is signatory of the WTO (World shift Organization) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA).The AOA provides a framework for the long-term cleanses of kitchen-gardening trade and domestic policies to move forwards market orientation in agricultural trade. The obligations and disciplines incorporated in the AOA relate to four aspects, viz, i) arranging on market access ii) agreement on domestic support iii) agreement on export competition/ allowance and iv) agreement on SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures. Bangladesh is not fully able to meet the re commended safety and quality standards for livestock products ordered with the SPS guidelines as regulated by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission.The main problem stem from (i) inadequate veterinary services (ii) lack of skilled human resources (iii) lack of diagnostic facilities (iv) lack of monetary support (v) lack of disease surveillance and monitoring of animal health (vi) lack of updated food legislation and (vii) need for an improved national food export inspection and certification program. Incidences of TADs (trans-boundary animal diseases), such as invertebrate foot and mouth disease, are preventing Bangladesh from entering potential markets for livestock products. As the problem of TADs is being addressed on a larger scale, regional initiatives are becoming important and Bangladesh will seek the opportunity to enter into regional agreements to control TAOs.This will necessitate significant changes in the veterinary service sy stem, particularly within diagnostic services and veterinary public health. Most export-oriented enterprises are small and medium size, with limited capacity to undertake market research, invest in technologies, and collect, store, and process trade information. Other important challenges relate to meeting labour and environmental standards, improving design and packaging, and accessing and using up-to-date information on consumer preferences and trends in global markets. Many enterprises have uncomplete the in-house capacity to gather the necessary trade-related information nor the networks to access such information. Policy framework for International Trade Management 1.Focal points would be set up in the OLS and the MoFL (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock) to deal with the global and regional trade agreements and ensure implementation of notifications and obligations 2. Training would be provided to the officials in the OLS, MoFL and livestock related industries to enable the m to fully appreciate and deal effectively with international and regional trade agreements 3. Requirements of trade related technical supporter for the DLS, MoFL and private exporters would be assessed and required assistance would be provided 4. The capacity of DLS would be developed through institutional reform to address SPS and HACCP requirements 5. An Internet-based communication system would be established to facilitate international market networking for livestock products 6.MIS (management information systems) would be established in the OLS and MoFL for international trade management of livestock products and 7. Private sector people would be included with all activities of international trade management. 4. 9Access to Credit and Insurance Credit The effective coverage of micro credit programs in Bangladesh was around II million households in 2002 of which around 80% were below poverty line. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the total micro credit disbursed by NGO s manger June 200 I, was given to the livestock sub-sector mostly to poor women in rural areas. Financing of agricultural and other rural economic activities have not in the past attracted adequate interest of banks and institutional lenders.As recently as 2003 livestock attracted less than 5% of the total credit disbursed in the agricultural sector by state-owned lending institutions, although the trend in recent years has been sharply upwards. The livestock development has accelerated the demand for concentrate feeds, drugs, vaccines, and veterinary services. These trends are expected to continue in the coming years with result increases in demand for credit support. Expansion of livestock operations among poor smallholders and commercial livestock producers, as well as input suppliers (feed mills, drug producers, etc. ) and processors of livestock products is thus expected to increase the demand tor finance throughout the sub-sector, and will be needed to help facilitate move horizontal and vertical integration.The following constraints and challenges in particular characterize the micro-credit sector (i) insufficient funds (ii) inappropriately packaged loans for production cycles of livestock (iii) red tape and collateral requirements effectively reducing credit access for smallholders, notably the poor (iv) inadequate loan supervision (v) insufficient training in financial management and business supply (applies to both loan suppliers and takers) (vi) inadequate technical support (vi) inappropriate interest rate policies and practices (vii) conflicts of interest within NGOs providing both technical and credit support often to the detriment of the precedent (viii) smallholder vulnerability and risk from natural and man-made disasters and (ix) disclose servicing of the hardcore poor. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Credit 1.Formation of CBOs (Community Based Organisations) linking them with DLS, NGOs, commercial banks, and insurance compan ies would be encouraged for delivery of appropriate livestock credit packages to the doorstep of small scale livestock farmers including poor women 2. A Livestock Credit neckcloth would be established in the Bangladesh Bank for dispersal of subsidized credit to small scale livestock farmers through CBOs 3. Micro-finance packages get out tailored to the production cycles of various livestock species would be promoted 4. Micro-finance packages targeted towards and appropriate for the hard-core poor including women would be promoted 5. Training would be provided to smallholder groups in livestock-related business planning and financial management 6. Monitoring and supervision of micro finance institutions would be enhanced for adherence to international best practice and 7.Provision of micro-finance services from technical services would be separated where necessary for clearer regulation. Insurance Livestock production is subject to the risks of animal disease, accident, and death . The result is often a serious go under in farm income and consequent failure on the pa11 of especially poorer farmers to maintain their livelihoods. Livestock insurance can i) provide surety against loss of livestock from accident or disease, stabilizing income ii) raise credit worthiness iii) contribute to a reduction in the relative incidences of animal death and accident by requiring certification of a minimum standard of animal husbandry practices and iv) encourage development of cattle breeding and dairy industries.Out of 62 insurance companies in Bangladesh, 60 are private companies of which none are mixed in livestock insurance. Only a state owned insurance company, SBC (Sadharan Bima Corporation) has since 1980 been providing livestock insurance. It covers only projects financed by BKB (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) and other nationalized Commercial Banks. SBC insured 7. 567 dairy animals between 1981 and 2003, indicating only very negligible insurance coverage for livestock . No modifications of the SBC insurance program have been made since 1985 to address the changing scenarios in the dairy and poultry industries. There are at present none or only very few private sector companies with the skills or funds to initiate livestock insurance.There are no collaborative arrangements between insurance companies and public sector organizations to assist the companies in setting up insurance schemes. Milk Vita and CLDDP have developed a self-insurance scheme for their cooperative members and farmer groups/associations, which appears to be working well, Smallholders may not, however yet fully fill in and appreciate the implications and potential benefits of livestock insurance. Experience suggests that some level of subsidy for smallholder livestock enterprises may be necessary, at least during the initial period. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Livestock Insurance 1. In character with insurance companies, CBOs and NGOs and other stakeholders, a str ategy for expansion of livestock insurance coverage would be developed 2.A Livestock Insurance Development Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank, 3. Self-insurance systems for poor smallholders including women through community-based livestock development programmes would be promoted 4. A national database on livestock mortality, disease incidence and productivity of livestock would be developed and maintained at the DLS 5. cognizance among smallholders on the benefits of livestock insurance schemes would be raised and 6. Successful experiences of insurance models of other countries in the region would be studied and emulated. 4. 10Institutional Development for Research and Extension Livestock ResearchTo carry out livestock research in the public sector BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute) was established under a Presidential Ordinance in 1984 as a semi-autonomous body. It is organized into eight research divisions and an administrative division, called the sup port service division. The research divisions are (i) Animal Production (ii) Poultry Production (iii) Animal Health (iv) System Research (v) Socio-economics (vi) Goat and Sheep Production (vii) Biotechnology and (viii) Planning, Training and Technology Demonstration. The 1984 Ordinance was revise in 1996 as an Act in line with the amendment of the Act of the Bangladesh coarse Research Council (BARC).The functions of BLRI are not sharply focused and its structure has a number of deficiencies. There are many important crude issues that are not reflected in the functions. Dramatic changes that have taken place in recent years within Bangladesh and internationally (globalization and trade liberalization combine with WTO regulations and OIE requirements), which have changed both domestic and the international market scenarios. In the condition of these changes, the functions of BLRI need to be alter. Major deficiencies exist in veterinary research, planning and management, human re source management, and information management. There is no Unit and staff to deal with planning, evaluation and monitoring.Veterinary research is done only on a limited scale under the Animal Health Division, There is no provision of a Director (Research), responsible for research planning, coordinating and monitoring the implementation of research projects evaluating and reporting research outputs on a regular basis and maintaining direct contact with DLS and sister research institutions, as well as liaison with other concerned Depal1ments. There is no management information system (MIS) for research at BLRI and Information management is generally weak. The shortage of operating funds for research is acute in BLRI. The annual allocation shows a declining trend in real terms. BLRI has been entirely depending on the development budget and contract research grants from BARC ( withal under development projects) for carrying out research.This has restricted BLRI in developing and undert aking meaningful research programs to support the poverty reduction program of the Government. BLRI has problems with training of its personnel. There is no provision for staff training or a built-in system of pallbearer progression within the research divisions like in the research institutes in the crop sector. This has created a high rate of attrition of qualified scientists. Policy framework for Livestock Research 1. Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources 2. Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported 3.The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be alter including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development 4. Research capacity of BLRI would be exte nded to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development 5. The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes 6.Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation 7. Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide life history development opportunities for talented scientists 8. Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Livestock Extension For the extension of Livestock Services the Directorate of Livestock Services was established in 1960 and renamed as the Departmen t of Livestock Services (DLS) in the late 1980s.Since 1960, the mandate and functions, structure, organization and management systems of DLS have remained almost unchanged. DLS is organized into quintuplet divisions, headed by their respective Directors (i) Animal Health and Administration (ii) Research, Training and military rating (iii) Extension (iv) Officers Training Institute and (v) Production. The divisions are functionally split into sections to deal with different subject guinea pigs. Other entities of DLS include a LRI (Livestock Research Institute), a CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory), 7 FDIL (Field Disease Investigation Laboratories), a CVH (Central Veterinary Hospital), and 64 DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals).DLS has a number of training facilities such as the OTIs (Officers Training Institute) and VTI (Veterinary Training Institutes) and LTI (Livestock Training Institute), but remain grossly underutilized due to lack of funds. The structure of DLS of fers insufficient focus on the issues that matter most. The functional Divisions are not structured in a logical excogitate. Elements of veterinary services are scattered throughout different divisions/sections and function in an uncoordinated manner. The Veterinary Public Health Section exists but is neither equipped nor does it have the funds to deal adequately with disease surveillance and reporting, food safety and control of zoonotic diseases, and other public health issues. It has no linkages to the Health Department and the Public Health Institute.It also does not have a supporting legal framework to implement its mandate. Almost nothing is done on disease surveillance, including trans-boundary diseases. The major challenges facing DLS were identified as (i) inappropriate mandate and functions (ii) structural and organizational deficiencies (iii) frontline services at the Upazila level is thin and weak (iv) weak linkages with research organization including BLRI (v) weak man agement system and MIS (management information system (vi) slow enlisting and promotion system (vii) shortage of skilled manpower (viii) lack of regular skill development training and (ix) limited budget allocation.In the context of increasing participation by the private sector and NGOs in livestock development, there is an urgent need to redefine the mandate and functions of DLS in a fashion that will allow it to gradually withdraw from private goods services, engage progressively in delivery of public goods services viz. disease surveillance and reporting, food safety, enforcement of . laws and regulations, and quality control of feeds/drugs/vaccines/semen and breeding materials and facilitate private sector involvement. Policy framework for Livestock Extension 1. Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc 2. DLS would be improve to enhance its role as a provider of public goods servi ces viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. 3.Livestock extension services frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages 4. Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services 5. Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection 6. Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan 7. Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be heart-to-heart for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. 8.A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the time service for emergency purpose. 9. D VH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and 10. Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. 5. Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows a. Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment b.Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment c. Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to put market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment d. An appropriate legal and r egulatory framework would be put in place and e. Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral arrangement would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. Policy framework for dairy development is Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development National Dairy Research Institute would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Policy framework for meat production Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. Policy framework or Poultry Developm ent Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers associations would be facilitated Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for stablishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be born-again into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and materialization etc Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose , Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established and National Avian grippe Preparedness Plan would be implemented.Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services National Livestock Health Disaster Committee would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis A separate Veterinary Cell would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives Human resource development. Policy framework for Breeds Development A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved Conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country Breeders Association would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved Farmers information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be est ablished with private sector support An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. Policy framework for Livestock Research Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, mai ntain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Policy framewo rk for Livestock Extension Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. Livestock extension ervices frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan Besides staff training, DLS training institu tes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies.Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment Market regulatory measures would be taken to shift s in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place and Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive.