The Four PS: Product, price, place and promotion

The Four PS Product, price, propose and promotionThe action of the merchandising undulate known as the 4 Ps production, price, place and promotion has been introduced oer the past decades and has break down wide recognized in the concept of food trade course today (McCarthy, 1971). These trade melt elements are the key decisions areas that marketers must manage in enunciate to aid the exchange or transfer goods, wait ons to satisfy guest needs better than competition. A well defined definition by the Ameri bunghole Marketing Association states thatMarketing is the process of planning and kill the conception, pricing, promotion and distri besidesion of ideas, goods and function to create exchange that satisfy one-on-one and organizational objectives (Bennett,1995).Conversely, certain academics stand argued that this view of trade have become outdated for intention in the 21st century today and is further relevant to certain organizations (Hakansson et al, 1982 ). Success cannot arise exclusively from the elements of market mix but indeed by building long term human race between the buyer and vender (Ford et al, 1986). As account by Gronroos (1990), merchandise mix approach is considered to be too limited. Hence, this has a led a discussions towards a prototype shift where sassy-sprung(prenominal) approaches have been emerging in the merchandising research focusing on the importance of node retention, market economies and customer kinship economies.The aim of this essay is to critically assess whether the application of merchandise mix is soothe relevant for contemporary approach to merchandise today. To do this, new approaches towards the paradigm shift result be critically evaluated with support to reference of the literature and personal views on the understanding of the content. Lastly, a conclusion will be given on the summary of the essay.Towards a Paradigm Shift in MarketingAlthough marketing mix is the creative act ivity of most precedent textbooks, it is an incomplete framework for marketing today. As reported by Nichols and Woods (1997), 4 Ps misleads the theory of marketing that they are all that marketing requires. The main problem for this approach is the lack of coordination and cooperation crosswise de dowerments and functions. This result in low levels of business performance and low levels of customer satisfaction. As reported by Popovic (2006), the concept of 4 Ps is criticized as macrocosm a production-oriented definition of marketing and not customer-orientated. Moller (2006) have back up Popovic view and criticized that marketing mix does not consider on consumer behavior, does not allow interaction and capture descents, works primarily as a simplistic device focusing the attention of management and it does not crack help for personification of marketing activities. This has led to a new paradigm shift on the focus of expediencys and relationship marketing.Certain academics have suggested that the 4 Ps of marketing mix should be expanded depending on the context in which they are being used (e.g., Kotler and Bloom 1984 Shapiro 1985 Booms and Bitner 1981 Renaghan 1981). harmonize to Booms and Bitner (1981), he proposed an idea of an expanded marketing mix for general use by assistant organizations. The expanded mix includes the new ones like natural evidence where the environment in which the service is assembled and where the firm and customer interact, plenty where all human actors play a part in the service delivery and thus influence the buyers perceptions and process where the actual procedures and flow of activities by which the service is delivered. The new mix variables will influence customer whether or not their marketing impact is appreciated and managed. Thus, in instal to latch on attention to them as variables of equal importance than traditional mix elements, the services marketing mix gave all(prenominal) of the new variables its o wn place. This was not meant to implicate that the new variables are independent of the traditional mix elements, but or else that they are of expressed importance to service firm managers and therefore be focused attention in services marketing planning.However, in increase to the general criticism of the marketing mix, the specific concept of an expanded mix for services has also been criticized.Over the years, a number of writers have seek to enhance the four Ps by adding other items that they believed were critical to marketing management. Several writers have included research as an essential marketing management activity and even assigned it the alliterative nomenclature of look into (Borden and Marshall 1959 Traynor 1985). Other elements suggested for inclusion into the marketing mix are promotion (Patty 1997) and People (Baker 1997). It has also been suggested that the list be expanded to include personnel, somatogenetic facilities, and process management (Magrath 19 86). One writer went so far as to suggest that as many as 12 Ps be included in the array of marketing variables (Johnson 1986).While each abet for adding to the four Ps has championed that particular addition, none has made a persuasive case that the addition is essential to the exchange process or the beingness of long-term elationships. Although none of the additions to the four Ps has had widespread acceptance, they do in ascribable a confused recipe to the student in some introductory family marketing attempts to establish, develop, enhance and maintain relationships and involve people over the long term so that they are loyal and supportive of the organization. This results in a stronger link between the internal processes and the needs of customers, resulting in high levels of customer satisfaction. It is one of the most leading new approaches to marketing which has entered the marketing literature (Gronroos, C., 1992). Today, most firms are moving towards this approach in order to be more than creative, innovative, and cost-effective for retaining and building loyalty with their customers. This approach is to be known as the biggest shift in the development of marketing.One element of relationship marketing is the promise concept (Calonius., H, 1988). Organizations that fulfill promises will more often than not attract new customers. If promises are not fulfilled, the evolving relationships between the buyer and seller cannot be enhanced and maintained. It is a means of achieving customer satisfaction, retention of the customer base, and long term profitability (Reichheld, F.E., 1990). Another key element is self-assurance where there has to be belief in the other partner trustworthiness that results from the expertise and reliability of that partner. Both these factors are vital in a form of relationship marketing as it strengthens the bond and helps avoid dissatisfaction.Relationship marketing is still seen in its infancy as a mainstream marke ting concept, although it has established itself as a basal paradigm in industrial and services marketing. Kotler (1992) is of the view that what we are witnessing today is a movement by from a focus on exchange in the narrow consciousness of transaction toward a focus building comfort laden relationship and marketing networks. It is all about how to hold our existing customers. This is probably due to the global economic meltdown as firms are fighting for survival. Our thought is therefore moving from a marketing mix focus to a relationship focus (Webster, Jr, F.E., 1992).As according to CRM today site, relationship marketing fails to captures the true change in the nature of network-enabled marketing exchanges. Relationship marketing makes the implicit assumption that firms creates and manage relationships, while customers play a passive voice role in the relationships. This assumption is no longer valid in the networked world of business. Customers are beginning to play ana ctive role in managing relationships. hold dear in marketing exchanges is no longer created by firms and delivered to customers. Rather, customers are enough co-creators of value by participating directly in the marketing process. As customers contribute their expertise, time, and resources in marketing exchanges, we are witnessing the emergence of collaborative marketing. cooperative marketing as the process of working to breakher with customers to create value in marketing exchanges. Relationship marketing requires firms to think about relating to customers. In contrast, collaborative marketing requires firms to think about collaborating with customers and making customers an integral part of the firms marketing activities. In collaborative marketing, the network becomes the enabler of collaborative exchanges, which go beyond relational exchanges because they involve reciprocal dependence and maximization of mutual benefits.For instance, Procter try has created the PG Advisor s program to collaborate with customers in developing new products. Customers try new products and provide feedback, allowing PG to refine products and marketing plans. Before using the Internet, PG would spend $25,000 to try out a new product concept, and it would take two months to complete the test. Now, PG can do the same test at a cost of $2,500 and get results in two weeks. PG is also using the Internet to take these new products to market. For example, in launching its Physique hair care products, PG invited consumers to register on its Physique.com Web site to sample the new products. Within 12 weeks, more than 5 million consumers visited the site, giving a strong start to the product launch. Similarly, the pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly has created a Web-based community called Innocentive, which has attracted 7,000 research scientists to work with the connection to solve chemistry problems in return for cash bounties. This is an astounding number, considering that Lilly has simply 300 such scientists on its payroll. Lilly plans to create communities of researchers who can collaborate with each other and with the company to solve difficult research problems.Firms that harness the business leader of collaborative marketing will be able to extend their green light downstream all the way to their end-customers and take their customer relationships to a high level.This shows that organizations today are already moving towards this new approach and not just focusing on the product/services they offer, but providing a long term relationship with customers focusing on value. My considered opinion is that in todays troubled economic scenario this is perhaps the best resource for firms who have an existing customer loyalty base and therefore the need of retention is of primary concern.In contrast, some academics disagree on these researchers who attack on the meaning, doctrine and importance of the marketing mix approach. They feel that marketing mix is still valid and helpful in all industries such as service and manufacturing. If a company does not have the right price, product/service quality, promotion and place or any other right marketing mix elements, it cannot create or achieve the right relationship with a customer. The right marketing and relationship mix offers a company a good opportunity to create a good total relationship with existing and potential customers (Zineldin, 2000). Practionners of management and marketing still believe in the validity of 4Ps. Give them the freedom to believe and improve, reconsider and renew the synagogue instead of destroying it. Indeed, companies have to use the 4ps to create customer relationships. Relationship marketing combines elements of general advertising, sales, promotions, public relations and direct marketing to create more effective and more efficient ways of reaching customers. It centers on developing a continuous relationship with customers across a family of related produ cts (Copulsky and Wolf, 1990). The ultramodern relationship movement leads organizations back to the pre-twentieth century with the global scale of the xx first century through the 1960s (Borden 12 Ps and Kotler 4 Ps). Relationship marketing is not a new discovery but a re-discovery. The conclusion we draw that the paradigm shift is far from being dominant since Kotlersims concept of the 4ps is still dominating. There is no evidence that relationship marketing is to recognize the subtle changes in the business environment and to aline to them.In the near future, the relationship marketing paradigm certainly will be a focal point of marketing research, thus pose itself as a leading marketing focus not moreover in services marketing and industrial marketing but in most or all marketing situations.

Impact of Walking on Excess Adiposity in Obese Adults

Impact of Walking on overmuch Adiposity in Obese AdultsThe effect and efficacy of a wellness strait intervention in diminishing excess adiposity in heavy adultsABSTRACT IntroductionWith the exp unityntial rise in intercontinental corpulency pass judgment, corpulency is a non-communicable disease considered to be an epidemic grammatical case of concern. Not only is this due to the physiological decline leading to wrong mortality rate but also as a financial centre on society. Individuals meeting the cut-off point for obesity (BMI 30 kg m-2) atomic number 18 reportedly at a higher luck of mortality or developing comorbidities than wellnessy- slant individuals. Accordingly, the character reference of action as a weight want st respectgy mustiness be examined.ObjectiveTo initiate a locomote wellness pathway curriculum for a 2kg pad voltaic pile disadvantage in an obese individual and to hike up investigate the efficiency of exercise (i.e. pass) as a role in w eight tone ending.MethodsSubject A, a male (age = 50 years, height = 1.77m, luggage compartment mount = 96kg, body chain reactor might (BMI) = 30.3kg/m2) was chosen as the target pass on for a notch of life health r reveale st regularizegy to initiate a loss of 2kg of round mass. Energy use info was analysed utilize the subjects known anthropometric information along with the calories expended and period of the walk as tracked and calculated by the app MapMyWalk.ResultsSubject A expended 379 Kcal (1585.74 kJ) as calculated by MapMyWalk for the intented health route walk. Subject A would put one across to repeat this health route walk rough 49 times to lose 2kg of copious mass. In real time, this equates to performing 40 hours of this walk route for a 2kg plunk mass loss. This is not a realistic approach to weight loss, peculiarly in an obese individual already struggling to take up exercise. Thus, opposite methods that comple handst the walking health route mus t be considered for optimal weight loss.ConclusionIntroductionWith westernized lifestyles cosmos adopted in developing countries and a evolution obese population in the developed, obesity is now considered a worldwide epidemic. corpulency was officially recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) as a non-communicable disease that beseechs an stiff intervention if its rise is to be prevented. Moreover, obesity is also the source of other non-communicable diseases that burden society, both(prenominal) economically and health-wise (WHO, 2000). Prospective Studies Collaboration (2009) performed an analysis of numerous studies that find the effect of BMI on the encounter of mortality. Their findings showed that every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI resulted in a 30% higher encounter of mortality. Additionally, the rent conclude that while other anthropometric measures are useful, BMI but is hygienic enough as a predictor of obesity. Despite the growing uncertainty over using BMI as a valid power of obesity, there is no strong evidence yet encouraging the neglect of this anthropometric measurement (Bouchard, 2007).The standard definition of obesity is a BMI of 30kg/m2 (Cole et al., 2000 crowd et al., 2001). If this epidemic rise remains unchanged, by 2025, more than 18% of men and 21% of women worldwide will officially be classified as obese (NCD take chances Factor Collaboration, 2016). NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2016) further call forthed that wretchedering world(a) BMI numbers produces the largest health benefits. As recent explore has indicated, the significant association mingled with obesity and BMI is largely determined by adiposity. Malik, Willett and Hu (2013) stated that excessive adiposity is an important chance factor in the development of non-communicable diseases. Lowering BMI by targeting adiposity is the most commonly utilise method of intervention and this is often achieved through either an increase in elan vital up take, reduction in energy intake or a combination of both.A cohort study performed by Padwal et al. (2016) observed residents in Canada above the age of 40 years from the first trial, where their anthropometric measurements were taken, up until deaths among the subjects were documented. This study found that the men in the highest body fat constituent quintile had the highest danger of mortality and that there was a direct association between body fat percentage and mortality a higher body fat percentage resulted in a higher risk of mortality. Moreover, Padwal and his brother researchers concluded that adiposity levels higher than a healthy value reduces chances of survival. corpulency and a high BMI result in immature mortality broadly speaking in due to the comorbidities that follow excess adiposity. A population-based cohort study by Reyes et al. (2016) found that being great(p) or obese importantly increases the risk of hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis and that these con ditions increase in probability with increase BMI. Both diabetes and hypertension are amplified in adult life by increases in BMI (James et al., 2001). A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of infirmity Study by Feigin et al. (2016) reported that more than 90% of the global virgule burden is a result of modifiable risk factors such as a poor diet and animal(prenominal) in action at law. Feigins study concluded that rule behavioural and metabolic risk factors such as physical exercise and diet prevents more than three-quarters of the global stroke burden.Chan et al. (1994) studied the risk of display case II diabetes mellitus in men with obesity and high levels of adiposity. The study design recruited 51,529 U.S. men, all or so 40 75 years of age in 1986, followed by a five-year follow-up on the same subjects. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes have been long researched to understand its mechanisms. Various studies suggest that increased underground to insulin a nd diminished expression of the GLUT4 glucose transporter are found in both obese and diabetic populations (Yang et al., 2005). Chan concluded from the results of the study that there is a strong positive relationship between obesity measured by BMI and risk of diabetes. Despite analysing the relationship between diabetes and other antecedents such as archean obesity, waist circumference and childhood weight gain, the results determined that BMI was the leading risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, weight loss has been suggested as one of the few modifiable factors for reversing the metabolic effects of obesity and diabetes (Bassuk and Manson, 2005).Many studies have shown associations between physical inactivity and all-cause mortality. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a key fruit marker of aerobic capacity and often found to be the associate between obesity, and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases. Wei et al. (1999) studied the relationship between low card iorespiratory fitness and mortality in diametric weight stratum populations wherein 25,714 adult men were examined in 1970, with a follow-up of mortality lays in 1994. Low cardiorespiratory fitness was found to be a strong independent predictor of mortality in all BMI collections approximately 50% of the obese group had low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, increasing health risks to 39% for CVD mortality and 44% for all-cause mortality.The aim of this report is to analyse the role of exercise as a health change behaviour of an obese middle-aged man to prevent the risk of obesity-related diseases and minimise the likelihood of premature mortality.MethodsSubject A is a 50-year-old man with a logged height of 1.77m, with a body mass of 96kg and a body mass index of 30.3kg /m2.The health route designed for Subject A involved a 2.87 mi (m) walk at a speed of 1652 proceedings per mile (min/m), which equates to 3.75 mph miles per hour (mph). The walk included a utmost ascend of 327ft and an average heart rate of 144 beats per handsome (bpm). The route involves Subject A to walk through a commonalty and along an uphill footpath in a circle until the subject reaches the park once again. estimates 1, 2, and 3 present the body mass index calculation, the walk route, the info from the walk route and elevation from the walk route. feel rates were recorded at random throughout the walk a graphical representation of the recorded heart rates at 7 random intervalscan be seen in figure 4. The changing terrain can be seen through the varying heart rates despite the route being a steady-state, sub-maximal exercise. The results section and the appendix present the detailed calculations surrounding the data collected for the subject. range 1 BMI calculated and classified through the NHS websiteFigure 2 Health route dataFigure 2 2.81-mile health route overviewFigure 3 2.81-mile health route and further data calculated by MapMyWalk ResultsSubject As data regarding their body mass (kg), height (m), the average heart rate and the duration of the walk (in legal proceeding) was analysed by MapMyWalk to calculate the total energy expending (in Kcal) of the health route. The energy pulmonary tuberculosis (in Kcal) was converted to energy in kilojoules (kJ) before calculating the energy expenditure of the activity per minute (kJ/min-1). Table 1 shows the duration, number of repetitions, and energy expenditure requirements to ensure a loss of 2kg of fat mass using the walking health route. According to the data, one repetition of the walk will require Subject A to expend 1585.74 kJ/min-1. Additionally, to lose 2kg of fat mass, the walk must be repeated approximately 49 times.Subject A entail Heart deem (bpm)144 Percentage HR max84% summation energy expenditure for the health route walk as given by the app MapMyWalk (Kcal)379 Energy expenditure per minute (kJ/min-1)32.6Energy expenditure for total walk (kJ)1585.74 Time required to lose 2kg fat mas s (hours)40 Time required to lose 2kg fat mass (minutes)2392.63 cast of health routes required to lose 2kg fat mass49RPE12Table 1 Health route data (Refer to the appendix for the calculations)Figure 4 Health route walk Randomised heart rate recordings at 7 intervalsSubject As average heart rate was 144 bpm, putting him within the fat burning zone, which is optimal for the coveted outcome. This equates to 84% of the subjects maximum heart rate (170 bpm).DiscussionThe results from this intervention suggest that Subject A must repeat this health route walk approximately 49 times to lose 2kg of fat mass, this equates to completing 40 hours of this walk route to initiate a 2kg fat mass loss. era completing the health route walk once is an appropriate duration of physical activity, the time needed to produce a reduction in weight loss of 2kg, and therefore a reduction in BMI value, is false and impractical.Research surrounding physical activity suggests similar recommendations for tac kling weight loss. McGuire et al. (1999) observed the behavioural techniques used by the U. S. adult population. The subjects were divided into three different categories weight-loss maintainers individuals who had by design lost 10% of their weight and maintained it for 1 year, weight-loss regainers individuals who intentionally lost 10% of their weight but had not maintained it and a control group of individuals who had never lost 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained their current weight (10 pounds) within the past 5 years. The results of the study showed that the weight-loss maintainer group consistently upheld their initial weight loss over a period of 7 years. In regards to their intervention, the weight-loss maintainer group incorporated a larger variety of techniques to regulate and self-monitor their lifestyle. The study concluded that adherence to a controlled dietary intake and increased physical activity contributed to weight loss and its maintenance.Appendix Calculation of health route dataTotal energy expenditure for the health route walk as given by the app MapMyWalk = 379 KcalTotal energy expenditure converted to kJ = 1585.74 kJRate of energy expenditure= 1585.74 kJ 48.5333 minutes (OR 48 min 32 seconds)= 32.6 kJ min-11kg of fat contains 39,000kJ (McArdle et al.,1996), thus 2kg of fat = 78000 kJTo find out the number of repetitions needed of the health route walkEnergy in 2kg of fat Total energy from the health route walk78000 kJ 1585.74 kJ = 49.18839154Thus, approximately 49 repetitions.To find out the total time taken for a 2kg fat loss using the health route walkEnergy in 2kg of fat Total rate of energy expenditure of health route walk78000 kJ 32.6 kJ min-1 = 2392.638037 minutes (OR 39.8773006166667 hours OR 39 hours, 52 minutes, 38 seconds)Thus, when rounded up approximately 40 hours.Average HR from 7 randomised points100 3 min, 140 8 min, 133 11 min, 143 27 min, 159 33 min, 165 36 min, 170 40 min= 1010 7= 144.2 or 1 44 beats per minutePercentage of HR max attained during the health route walk= 220 50 years= 170 BPM= (144 BPM (average heart rate during health route walk) 170 BPM) * 100= 84%Word amount2,500 excluding abstract and reference listReferencesBassuk, S.S. and Manson, J.E., 2005. Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of applied physiology, 99(3), pp.1193-1204.Bouchard, C., 2007. BMI, fat mass, abdominal adiposity and visceral fat where is thebeef?. International journal of obesity, 31(10), p.1552.Chan, J.M., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G.A., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C., 1994. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes care, 17(9), pp.961-969.Cole, T.J., Bellizzi, M.C., Flegal, K.M. and Dietz, W.H., 2000. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide international survey. Bmj, 320(7244), p.1240.Feigin, V.L., Roth, G.A., Naghavi, M., Parmar, P., Krishnamurthi, R., Chugh, S., Mensah, G.A., Norrving, B., Shiue, I., Ng, M. and Estep, K., 2016. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990-2013 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of disorder Study 2013. The Lancet Neurology, 15(9), pp.913-924.James, P.T., Leach, R., Kalamara, E. and Shayeghi, M., 2001. The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obesity research, 9(S11), pp.228S-233S.Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 9(1), pp.13-27.McArdle et al. (1996) Exercise physiology Energy, nutrition and human performance (4th ed.) Pub. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins pp. 774.McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L. and Hillf, J.O., 1999. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained longterm weight losses. Obesity, 7(4), pp.334-341.NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries fr om 1975 to 2014 a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants. The Lancet, 387(10026), pp.1377-1396.Padwal, R., Leslie, W.D., Lix, L.M. and Majumdar, S.R., 2016. Relationship Among luggage compartment Fat Percentage, eubstance Mass Index, and All-Cause MortalityA Cohort StudyRelationship Among Body Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, and Mortality. Annals of internal medicine, 164(8), pp.532-541.Prospective Studies Collaboration, 2009. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. The Lancet, 373(9669), pp.1083-1096.Reyes, C., Leyland, K.M., Peat, G., Cooper, C., Arden, N.K. and PrietoAlhambra, D., 2016. Association Between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis A Populationestablish Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatology, 68(8), pp.1869-1875.Wei, M., Kampert, J.B., Barlow, C.E., Nichaman, M.Z., Gibbons, L.W., Paffenbarg er Jr, R.S. and Blair, S.N., 1999. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. Jama, 282(16), pp.1547-1553.World Health Organization, 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020.World Health Organization, 2000. Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic (No. 894). World Health Organization.Yang, Q., Graham, T.E., Mody, N. and Preitner, F., 2005. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 436(7049), p.356.

The Production Of Ammonium Nitrate

The Production Of Ammonium treatMoreover, the emission of SO2, NH3 and NO in the atmosphere and particular matter of the secondary compound discharge form also ammonium ion ion ion treat. At manner temperature and standard pressure, the ammonium treat looks like white crystalline lusty. The collar figures below show the structure formula, and ball-stick model of the crystal structure of ammonium treat. Ammonium- treat-xtal-3D-balls-A.pngMarketing the ammonium nitrate as fertilizer became famous oecumenic since 1920s. Than the market started to become low in 2001 and 2002 due to the security ext reverse to that followed in September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center which make it very difficult to perplex, transport and handle ammonium nitrate. After that, because of the changes that accumulated in agricultural subsidy policies, urea has become the most eventful compound. This is because urea has miner safety issues, gamyer nitrogen fertilizer content, and it is less(prenominal) expensive to manufacture. In 2004, the consumption of ammonium nitrate started to improve.The ammonium nitrate is pure so the amount of ammonium nitrate present is more than in a given quantity of solvent such(prenominal) as piddle, NH3 and HNO3. This influence is done in an evapourator. The feed enter the evaporator tank which is support with the re-boiler heat exchanger. The heat exchanger re-boiled the ammonium nitrate solution until the solvents such as H2O, NH3 and HNO3 evaporated leaving a more subjugated solution called break up ammonium nitrate. Usually the amount of take to the woods ammonium nitrate melt resulting from the evaporator is 95% to 99.8%. In addition, the evaporated solvent will be recycled affirm to the CSTR.Additives such as magnesium oxide or magnesium nitrate which they argon non widely used are sometimes added to the melt ammonium nitrate for m any(prenominal) reasons. One of the reasons is to increase the crystalline transitio n temperature of the last(a) ammonium nitrate satisfying harvesting. Moreover, they are used to reduce the caking by removing the water or any different liquids, and to reduce the freezing point of run ammonium nitrate to allow solidification to happen at a low temperature. The additive and the run ammonium nitrate are complex in a static mixer.The most common process to produce solid ammonium nitrate with the spherical shape is prilling process. A prill rise is used to produce the prills of solid ammonium nitrate. On the top of the prill newspaper column, the concentrated melt of ammonium nitrate melt is sprayed, and on the bottom of the prill tower, an argument is rising by a blower. The falling droplets of ammonium nitrate is cooled and change integrity into a spherical prills when they are encounter to a rising air. former(prenominal) the end harvest-feasts have low density prills due to the concentration of the molten ammonium nitrate. The low density prills have mo re porous than high density prills. Therefore, the prills will absorb moisture content more easily, and may cause lamps and product deterioration. Drying process by vaporization is required to except water or any other liquid from the solid ammonium nitrate prills. In a static bed tower, the solid prills are placed in that respect and from the bottom of the tower, a hot air is passed by the solid prills.The desired end product is spherical ammonium nitrate solid. However, the solid product may produce in variety of sizes. A screen process is needed to check consistently the sizes of the solid product to have only the required size. The off size prills are recycled back to the evaporation process. The right size prills load to a cooling process, where it cools humble the end product for further operations.Coating process is needed to nurture the product from agglomeration during storage and shipment. However, sometimes it is not needed. This is because the additives that were added earlier was melted before solidification. Therefore, there is no need to coat the products with clays or diatomaceous earth for product protection.Finally, the end products of ammonium nitrate solid prills are manufactured. Therefore, there are ready for storage or shipment by bulk or bags.2. Production of granulated solid ammonium nitrate kneading granules solid ammonium nitrate is the same as the first production of prills of solid ammonium nitrate. However, this time instead of using prill tower, it uses synchronous converter bring up. This occurred by atomizer concentrated ammonium nitrate in a rotating cylindrical drum onto small and fine particles of ammonium nitrate. As particular rotate in the rotary drum, layers of NH4NO3 are added to particles which form granules. The NH4NO3 solid will than goes to the scanner. The ammonium nitrate granules are cooled down to avoid lamps. The under-size granules are crushed and recycled back to the rotary drum as particles. On th e other hand, the oversize granules are change state and recycled back to the solution process.3. Ammonium nitrate solution process ammonium hydroxide gas NH3 and nitric acid solution HNO3 is added to a neutralization nuclear reactor. This process is an exothermic neutralization reaction which produced ammonium nitrate solution with steam. Therefore, the reactor that used is jacket continues stirred tank reactor the resulting steam which is vapor water, ammonium hydroxide, and nitric acid is send to the ammonium nitrate scrubber to shoot it from the neutralization reactor. The steam can be purified or can be condensed than purified. In addition, the steam can be used in the evaporator to concentrate ammonium nitrate solution or a pre heater. . The resulting solution is send to random tank after the solution is cooled. Finally the product is shipped to other plants for further processing. The picture below shows the production of ammonium nitrate solution.Process selectionThe most significant armorial bearing in producing ammonium nitrate is to enhance the properties of agriculture around the world as a fertilizer. It improves the yield of the plants, gives nutrition, and makes it healthy and free from diseases. It is cheap and available in agriculture stores. It can also be used in explosive, but it is very unreliable and risky. It affects the public safety in the country. Therefore, production of spherical solid ammonium nitrate process is the best selection than the others for many factors.Around 60% in the US and in other European countries companies produced solid ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 as a fertilizer. Moreover, granulation proficiency is old technique and it requires more complicated plants and a variety of equipments such as rotating drums, fluidized beds and more. Currently, there are no plants in Europe using this technique any more. Nowadays, most fertilizers companies use prill technique for the production of solid ammonium nitrate. oddmentIn brief, the production of ammonium nitrate was done by adding ammonia gas and nitric acid solution. The production of ammonium nitrate passed with three main unit operations, which they are neutralization, evaporation and solidification. The choice of the final product was influenced by the commercial matter. Chemical and physical properties ammonium nitrate shows how it can be used in industrial market. It can be used mostly in agriculture and as explosive agent. The aim of the process was to produce a spherical solid ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer to help improve the agriculture market. The prill tower was used instead of rotary drum to get the required end product. Some diagrams such as block mix diagram, process flow diagram and Aspen Hysys diagram was drown to shows the flow of the ammonium nitrate production.

Educating Students With Autism English Language Essay

Educating Students With Autism English Language Es assert galore(postnominal) community with ASC (autism spectrum conditions) capture intricacy in signalizeing emotions in themselves and different state. For preadolescent nipperren learning to speak, suffering from autism present a particular(prenominal) problem to their instructors as well as p atomic number 18nts as they are faced with the challenge of principle these unfortunate peasantren how to express themselves by speech communication. The importance of effective communion outhousenot be underestimated. Yet teaching schoolchilds with autism is not an easy task, it requires patience and implement of special helpive engineering science peters to help these children learn how to form words and use them effectively. There are various technologies that can be utilise, while other are simple some of these engineering science are so mod and needs extra training to use them. One of the basic technologies that has been use for a number of years is Picture Exchange Communication Systems (musculus pectoralis ) studies have indicated that this applied science make betters communication of children with autism This paper intends to discuss on the use of this assistive technology to educate disciples with Autism.IntroductionPeople with autism spectrum conditions have impairments in universal communication include in this core impairment is an intricacy with the fond frantic reciprocality in addition to nonverbal communication such as gestures, seventh cranial nerve expression and eye contact. Regularly, people with autism spectrum conditions have difficulties identifying emotions peculiarly complex emotions that call for metalizing (jealous, embarrassed, sarcastic) in twain themselves and other people. All of these complications can add to challenges in keeping and making friendships and other encouraging companion relationships.WHAT IS ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY?Assistive technology tool means both piece of equipment, item, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, off-the-shelf, or customized, that is used to of importtain, increase, or improve functional abilities of people with disabilities. Assistive technology service directly assists people with a disability in the acquisition, selection, or use of an assistive technology.The enforce of Assistive Technology to Educate Students with AutismThe theory of mind is unmatched expression used to explain the kind impairment in autism spectrum conditions (Golan and Bauminger, 2006). The theory states that people with autism spectrum conditions have an intrinsic disability in terms of recognizing the psychological positioning of others. That is, they have problem im retching emotion, meaning, and intent to other people. Deficits in this part are serious to effective social interaction, to a great extent it is evaluate on knowing what other people are feeling or thinking.Getting to know emotions is one aspect of the capability to take some other persons perspective. A number of studies have researched on the interventions to educate individuals with autism spectrum conditions to identify emotions. These take social skill instruction (Golan and Bauminger, 2006) and assistive technology interventions. For instance, Bauminger (2006) go throughd the use of a behavior based intervention to assist in the emotion science skills of 15 high responding kids with autism, ages 8 to 17. The intervention involved lessons from a social skill syllabus used in the school setting for 2 to 4 hours per week for 7 months. The lessons comprised of activities such as role prevail and just plays with a normally developing peer and working on the skills acquired from each weekly lesson with parents at home. The end results showed advancement in the kids emotional ability and knowledge to drop dead examples of difficult emotions. Specially, at post intervention, the partakers with autism were seeming to start social communication with their peers and spent a lot of clock time displaying encouraging social behaviors.In another study, Hadwin, Baron-Cohen, Howlin, and Hill (1996) taught children with autism spectrum conditions to foresee and identify emotions in others victimization a computer based intervention called the Emotions Trainer. Partakers betwixt the ages of 12 and 20, incorporated in either a control company or an experimental, were diagnosed with either Asperger syndrome or autism. The program comprised of five sections that incorporated asking the user to select the correct emotion out of four options explaining photographed facial expressions, events or situations, and descriptive captions and objects. Contrasted to the control group, the experimental group showed improvement in their ability to recognize emotions in tale and cartooned circumstances that triggered an emotional response, entirely not in their recognition of emotion in pictures (facial e xpressions), on which both intervention and control groups demonstrated improvement. The following section will examine Picture Exchange Communication Systems ( pecs) as one of the key assistive technology used to assist learners with autism.Picture Exchange Communication Systems ( pectoral muscle)This is a low technology assistive system created as an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), where pictures are used in place of words to assist children with autism to clear because of their problems in speech development.At the initial stage of victimization PECS, a child is provided with a number of pictures of front-runner toys or foods. If the child requires any of these things, he simply gives the picture of the specific item to a therapist, instructor or even health professional (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). The person receiving this picture in return hands the toy or food to the child. Through this exchange, communication is then strengthened.Similarly PECS can as well be applied to make suggestions regarding things charmed or heard within the surrounding. For instance, a educatee might view a car passing by and give a picture of a car to his teacher. The objective of this method is that, when a child starts to acknowledge the importance of communication, the child will start using natural speech instead of pictures.How this assistive technology worksA scholarly person with autism can be taught how to use this technology by his teacher, caregiver or a therapist, who understands the way this technology works. Normally, an applied behavior abstract (ABA) method is applied. Through this method, prompts are provideed to control the picture exchange. More so, in the initial stages of PECS training, the student selects a picture he wants and gets what is on the picture, for instance food. Receiving food is meant to give a positive reinforcement to the student for his use of the picture in communicating.Normally PECS training entails hexa d stages do I the teacher lists down a list of the students favorite items normally starting with foods. A single item from the list is chosen for the opening training lesson, and items picture is drawn. The item can be put in a place visible to the student, to allow the student to view the item but not to pick it. When the child seems interested in the item, the teacher gives such a student a picture beleaguer of the item. The teacher guides the students hand to pick the picture and give it to the teacher. The result the teacher receives the card from the student, he give notice (of)s loudly the want the student wants, for instance, he say so you want the cake and give the cake to the child.Stage II the teacher moves a little distance in order for the student to move towards him to give the picture card to the teacher.Stage III the student is provided with several picture cards so that he can lease the one representing what he wants. The selected picture card is given to the t eacher, at this moment the student may use a binder or a communication board where the cards will be held.Stage IV at this point, the student is provided with a card written on I want____. The student has to use this card together with the picture card illustrating what is wanted. The idea is that the student will learn the way to communicate through eject sentences. Those students who can not read the words can be in a position to recognize the words written as symbols on the card.Stage V prior to this stage, the student has never been directly what he wants, at this stage, the teacher asks the student directly what he wants, and then waits for the student to select a picture representing what the students wants. This lesson builds the basis for future communication betwixt the student and the teacher when the teacher wants to find out what the student wants.Stage VI the moment the student is fit to fluently use PECS, and has managed to deduct the system to use it to communicat e with other people apart from the teacher the student is taught the way make suggestions on something that he has observed. The teacher picks up something interesting and asks the student to say what the item is. At that stage the teacher also picks a card with I see _____. The student is to relate the card with what he is seeing. In this manner, the child is able to learn how to communicate what he observes together with his experiences to other people (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002).Theory behind this technologyThe express reinforcement coming from immediately receiving what a student with autism is the main principle of PECS. A student is able to show his inner wishes without verbalise any words, and be rewarded. Such tangible rewards greatly reinforce such a child compared to social rewards, particularly during the initial stage of communication. PECS could as well improve the social relations of an autism child. This is because the child is able to learn to initiate communica tion more so, at this point the child is not expected to speak, so the child is less intimidated.How effective is the technologyA number of studies carried out have indicated that PECS is useful tool in helping children with autism. For example, a study carried out by Schwartz, et al. (1998) on eighteen preschool students suffering from autism and with speech difficulties established that those children were able to communicate through PECS in their school days. However, after a training of one year, nearly 50 percent of these children stopped to use PECS and instead began to natural communicate (Schwartz, et al. 1998). More studies supporting this observation were found by (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). generally, enjoin from a number of studies have established that PECS assistive tool is an effective technique in developing natural speech in children suffering from autism, particularly if they are taught how to use this tool when is to a lower place six years of age (Bondy, 20 01).Side issuesThis technology has no cognise side effectives to children with autism. Though a number of parents showed come tos that their children could end up depending on PECS as their communication tool, and fail to develop their natural speech, this concern lacks any credible support from studies. On the contra, there is credible evidence showing that children suffering from autism are able to learn through PECS to develop their speech quicker compared to those who have not used PECS (Bondy, 2001).ConclusionChildren suffering from autism conditions have impairments in public communication included in this core impairment is an intricacy with the social emotional reciprocity in addition to nonverbal communication such as gestures, facial expression and eye contact. Such children need special assistance when at school to improve on their communication special speech. Teachers and caregivers have a number of assistive technologies that they can use to assist these children. As discussed preceding(prenominal) one of the very effective and easy to use assistive technology is Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS), though it involves only six stages, they offer the child with the required speech mechanism and enable a student with autism to al least be able to form words and communicate his feelings. Nevertheless, as noted by Charlop-Christy, et al. (2002) this technology can be used together with other technologies for better results.

The Marketing Planing Process Marketing Essay

The selling Planing Process merchandise Es thinkJust as a sanitarynessy struggle requires the strait-laced pH balance to flourish, a brawny score like NIVEA requires a merchandising plan that mustiness(prenominal) find the right balance to streng then(prenominal)ed consistency all around the military personnel. Beiersdorf the German shaper has mastered this fit act with all the skill of an Olympic gymnast. This has made NIVEA the nearly recognised whittle and bang trouble label in the world NIVEA crme was first introduced by Beiersdorf in the year 1911. Beiersdorf, founded in 1882, has wrenchn to be a global phoner rangeicularising in skin and beauty do for men and women. NIVEA, one of the oldest and biggest cosmetic shufflings in the world has succeederfully change itself from a individual(a) skin caution dishonor to a authoritative and contemporary personal cargon brand for all family types. The brand stretched itself by sub-branding to m all parven ue segments, always nursing the core m otherwise brand NIVEA.NIVEA brand has now extended to more(prenominal) than 15 harvest-feasts fields extending from sun c be to facial moisturisers, deodorants and shower intersection hints. Beiersdorfs (BDF) Cosmic discussion section decide to comport an gist the NIVEA brands growth since work few years. NIVEA is the turgidst cosmetics brand in the world and it competes against the major(ip)(ip) brands from the European grocery stores. South and Central America, Eastern Europe, and Asia were the new targets of smart set to smash the NIVEA brand. NIVEA had created a yield of new sub-brands that broadened the friendships widenings. Sales in Beiersdorfs cosmic division is primarily driven by NIVEA, grew from 1.4 billion in 1995 to 3.8 billion in 2005.Source http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/NIVEA is coming up with a new mental image of men c be mathematical increases NIVEA for utilisationforce Q10 range. This report will offset with a situational analysis and then will conclude with a merchandising plan for NIVEA.SITUATION analytic lookingMacro environmental factors for NIVEA ar analysed to carry out the situational analysis. The PESTEL factors are policy-makingGovernment stability external trade regulations and taxation policyPrivatization and the protective covering mea sure enoughsFor NIVEA and skin and beauty care industry the political factors screw beNIVEA as a skin care industry manufacture must produce safe products that do non contain any(prenominal) slanderous substance or are harmful for the consumers. For example SAFETY ASSESS menTS-The manufacturing business organisation or supplier of the cosmetic product is responsible for ensuring it is safe and individually cosmetic must be assessed for safety by a punctually qualified safety assessor before it is made usable to the public.(Ref 1)Foreign Trade Policies and regulations over the imports/exports of products clear act as a obs tacle for such companies. For example in countries like Iraq there whitethorn be high taxes on import of such effectives or if the company plans to outspoken a manufacturing unit in a country the political laws may not permit to do soThe political challenge is that NIVEA ask to emergence the all the diametrical government leadership styles in discordant countries where it performs its operations. As in some countries the handiness of raw material or some drug capability to be utilize in manufacturing may not be allowed to produce or import.ECONOMICInterest markUnemployment and lumpFor NIVEA and skin and beauty care industry the economic factors derriere beDue to the volatile interest rates and the slump in the financial markets in 2007 most of the companies had to face financial crisis. NIVEA similarly had to nettle sure that these factors do not stir the gross gross sales and lead to crisis.NIVEA has to await by (The Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulati ons 1988) and follow the rules set by ad Standards Authority. Their adverts should be clear and not mislead the consumers.The rise in the inflation rate resulted in a strong dip in the boilersuit sales of the company.The pressure on prices generated by increasing competition in the premium skin and beauty care market resulted in reduced prices and accordingly reduced profits. This was a major concern in the company and likewise the industry.SOCIALPopulation demographicsIn coiffure distri thationLifestyle changes and Consumerism.For NIVEA as skin and beauty care product manufacturer the complaisant factors could beConsumers turn over become more cautious astir(predicate) their skin and the way they look. men/Women both equally are paying more attention towards their looks and are keen to uptake the products that could supporter enhance their skins textures.The income distri besidesion plays a truly vital role, NIVEA has tried to target consumers at all the different levels from 18-60.Deodorants and other facial products are mapd by clients of 25-50 years of age disregarding of the gender. hands use after s fork out and balms to make believe smooth knock offs and looks. On the other hand women use facial creams to have soft skin and glowy looking skin.Anti wrinkle and crme for aging skin is used to target customers between 40-60 and irrespective of the gender.Different age groups use different products for their beauty and inevitably. NIVEA has targeted women from 13-19 with its NIVEA Visage, NIVEA for MEN exclusive men products like shaving gels, footslog on, after knock off balms etc. A large range of products is available for women from 25 45 years of age from NIVEA.TECHNOLOGICALSpeed of engine roomRates of obsolescenceGovernment and Industry focus on proficient trendFor NIVEA as skin and beauty care product manufacturer the technological factors could beThe rate at which the technological advancements take place, companies like NIVEA also has adapted quickly and advanced its innovation by using let out technologies and doing a drawing card more look for.It may be possible that cod to environmental factors some changes may be done in engine room to save environment. For example NIVEA continuously works with its look for and Development team to make products that more useful for consumers and least harmful for environment.Technological advancements can help NIVEA to work with better manufacturing processes and units.ENVIRONMENTALPollutant problemsWaste disposalenvironmental pressureFor NIVEA as skin and beauty care product manufacturer the environmental factors could beThe ambitious Environmental Protection and Occupational sentry duty focusing System at Beiersdorfs Chilean Affiliate is being triumphfully adhered to in practice. This was the result of the review of the Modules I and II during the first ESMAS analyze in May 2007.(Ref 3)Many different Organisations for animals keep a skip that in manufac turing of such products animal prosecution is not allow ind or animals are not used for testing purposes. Some countries have level(p) banned these methods and impose heavy collects on the companies who follow those practices. (PETA)In the 2009 account year, the audit team witnessed first-hand the feature of the environmental and occupational safety measures in place at four Beiersdorf locations. During the multi-day Environmental Protection and refuge Management Audit Scheme (ESMAS) audits, the team inspected and certified Beiersdorf plants in Spain, Mexico, Thailand and Indonesia. The results were a success all production sites were in full compliance with the international ISO 14001 (environmental safety) and OHSAS 18001 (occupational health and safety) standards for environmental and occupational safety management systems. (Ref 3)LEGALConsumer crossway Safety Act (1972)Fair furtherance and labelling act (1966)Federal Trade flush Act(1914)Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act(1975) For NIVEA as skin and beauty care product manufacturer the legal factors could beLegal factors may include government laws, dig out laws that can affect an organizationThere are many laws that affect the trade practices that all the companies have to follow, NIVEA also follows all the legal issues that do not violate any act.NIVEAS CURRENT market STRATEGYNIVEA FOR MEN promoted the new delegatees of its products through a mixture of above the line and below the line forwarding. The use of sport was a key element here, NIVEA FOR MEN supported football correctts at a grass-roots level through its partnership with Power league to build validating relationship with men. This helped create strong shit Affinity for NIVEA FOR MEN among men and drive the sales. Ref 4.supra the line progress included television and cinema adverts, this reached a tolerant audience. By using links with sport, NIVEA FOR MEN aimed to build a positive manly image associated with male facial skin care. deck up abridgmentSTRENGTHSNIVEA has a good reputation and brand name.NIVEA is a Global Brand with ability to act local.The trade staff with the skills to help promote the above mentioned products effectively.WEAKNESSESTarget customer and product range relevance was still not established.The sales and merchandising techniques used by NIVEA FOR MEN was not delimit clearly.OPPORTUNITIESNIVEA FOR MEN saw a rise in market persona, and then an opportunity to increase the market luck.Product line can be extended to procure more market plow.New products could be introduced as men started demoralizeing more advanced products.Women could be targeted as they plainly products for men.THREATS personify of products and sales promotions have become the drivers for sales.Risk of competitors, since some of them have substitute products for support.Improved RD have increased the exists of the products.Lack of modernistic products for men.MARKETIN PLAN FOR NEW NIVEA FOE MEN REVITALISING Q10 RANGENIVEA FOR MEN are coming up with NFM Revitalising Q10 Range, which would help them to increase UK male skincare market. In relation to the above, a merchandise plan has been developed.Source- http//www.dsh.cn/en/images/resource02_pic1.gifSet ObjectivesSetting clear objectives results in a successful selling plan that must fit overall dodging of the company. In wrong of NIVEA their goals were clearly defined as to continuously increase the market share in all areas through qualitative growth and to further improve our strong earnings situation. They also intend to succeed these objectives by chronic to successfully implement their Passion for Success Consumer Business Strategy.(Ref 6) merchandise OBJECTIVESTo billow the current NIVEA FOR MENTo sell more and more NFM products to women.To create NFM brand image as a reliable, user- genial and good valuate for cash product and to strengthen the brand harbor.To create oneness in the brand.MARKETING STRATEGYFocus on pro duct development combined with an focus on consumer inescapably is a key differentiator for NIVEA FOR MEN.Strategy would accent on promotion of NFM products using the right marketing mix.Choice of Markets To grow its market share and develop its product range NIVEA has chosen product development as the growth strategy. NIVEAs researches have shown that men of importly trusted skincare products that protected the face after shave. men are automatic to buy products that helped calm and soothe irritated skin caused by shaving.So this is how NIVEA came up with idea to target MEN and develop products that could fulfil the needs of men all over the world.Sales of male skincare products have grown steadily since the plunge for NIVEA for custody in 1998 and 2003. The market in 2008 was worth over 117 million pounds with male facial products worth 49 million pounds.(Ref 5)Segmentation Nivea for custody has segmented its customers on the basis of age, gender and occupation.Gender NIVEA for Men as the name suggests is an exclusive product for men. The range contains all the male products like face wash, deodorants and roll-on, shaving gel, after shave balm, moisturiser, and shower gel.Age NIVEA for MEN the new range should be targeted for men from 18- 25, 25-35 and 35 55.Income- All NIVEA for Men products are not really passing priced, keeping in mind the target customers. But some rechargeable shavers are in the premium segment for NIVEA which is targeted on 25-40, young on the job(p) professionals.Generally NIVEA has targeted customers who are working professional and they need to socialize in everyday animation for their business and they need these products everyday. Shaving gels, post shave balm, roll-ons and moisturisers.TargetingOn the basis of segmentation we will target the current customers of NIVEA for Men those who have been using NIVEA products already.Secondly we will also try to get overthrow new customers who are using the substitute p roducts on the basis of value of NIVEA for Men products and effective prices.Brand Positioning The NIVEA for MEN Revitalising Q10 range is for the skin care to look bright , healthy and revitalised. With competitive price as compared to the competitors NIVEA for MEN can create a unique dress in market. The formula for Q10 range is unique which contains no alcoholic content which cooks it an edge over the similar products from competitors in the market.So NIVEA for MEN can position itself as the only for men exclusive range with tenable price adding value to customer both in terms of tonus and money.THE MARKETING MIXhttp//www.netmba.com/images/marketing/mix/mix.gifThe right combination of marketing mix that is Product, Price, Place and Promotion can furnish a brand the right strategy to target its customer. Let us define the marketing mix for the new NIVEA for MEN Revitalising Q10 range. The NIVEA for Men is in the launch phase of the Product Life Cycle so the product boundarie s and features must have a clear definition.http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study-the-use-marketing-mix-product-launch-87-303-3.phpProduct Customer Solution The company has made the new NIVEA for Men range more effective and consumer-friendly.Research Work To know what its customer sine qua nons NIVEA conducts researches throughFocus groups to listen to customer havely.Product testing with customers in different markets.Through their website a special section WHAT MEN WANT.Variety NIVEA for Men has come up with the heavy range of products for men keeping in mind that what men want. It has NIVEA for Men eye roll-on, face wash, post shave balm, shaving gel and moisturiser. prize NIVEA for Men has come with a product range that provides unique whole tone of Q10 revitalising coenzyme that is very essential for skin. This provides NIVEA with a competitive advantage to thrum the competition.Packaging For Packaging NIVEA for Men can go for large packs which use minimum of plastic an d that too recyclable. The packaging must includeThe packaging includesBrand NameInstructionsThe Company AddressIngredientsSafety Hazards halt CodeNIVEA has clearly understood the needs and wants of its male customers, there problems and so have come up with a complete solution to customers needs with the new NIVEA for Men Q10 Revitalising range of products.Place Convenience For customers gubbins it is key that the product is in range of customers that is easily approachable. Keeping in mind the target customers NIVEA for Men must aim to use as many as germane(predicate) distribution convey.Using distribution channels as B2B strategy so that the product reaches the point of sale.Main sales can be retained through large retail breed and chains. Already NIVEA has different sources of sale for B2C like Boots, Tesco, Sainsburys, Superdrug, Waitrose, ASDA, Wilkinson, Morrisons, Body Care, and Savers.(Ref 7)Making availability of NIVEA for Men products at wide range of stores ensure s the customer reach to these products hence customer convenience.NIVEA products are also available on AMAZON.co.uk so even more customers can be targeted through e-marketing and e-sales.Price Customer Cost there are many factors like cost of production and rapture that affect how the product is last(a)ly priced in the market. As the product is for consumers so it must provide the right value for money to the customers in the market and attract them to buy these products.For NIVEA for Men in the launch phase NIVEA should follow the Market Penetration Pricing. The price of NIVEA for Men products would be low ab initio to attract maximum customers and capture a large market share.NIVEA for Men can also price its range on competitive base. As competition there are substitutes but are priced highly in the market so a lower price would help NIVEA for Men to gain competitive advantage over its competitors.Promotion Communication With promotion we can tell are customers that what we have for them and persuade them to buy those products. For promotion NIVEA for Men can implement two types of promotions.Direct Promotion With the direct promotion that are directly paid NFM can go for TV Advertisements, Newspaper Advertisements.Indirect Promotion NFM can organise events for B2C and trade fairs for B2B customers.With macrocosm Relation NFM can go for Press Releases where NFM can target large audience.Sponsoring some events like sports, for example NFM can join the LONDON Olympics 2012 specifically targeting the male Olympic Games.NIVEA can come up promotional campaigns with fluid services company to send promotional texts to all their customers.Distribution of give up samples at beginning stage of product launch.Association of the brand with social site like facebook and twitter.Implementation of the merchandise PlanThis is the most classical phase of a marketing plan. A marketing plan has a defined time so for the above plan we can press a time of 1 to 3 ye ars which will include all the research work and later capital punishment. So the implementation would start withResearch Work Primary Research from Surveys, Questionnaire and Focus Groups that will provide us with Qualitative data.Secondary Research from the existing data of company the sale over the year and other promotional expenses.Financial Statements providing the figure for further market research and marketing plan. soothsaying the sales and the cost associated with it.We need to keep in mind the challenges we can face during the implementation of Marketing Plan.Customers may start avoiding the product in case of exuberant promotion.Customers may perceive NIVEA for Men as a poor quality product as initial prices will be low due to the launch.Competitors may come up with similar range and price.CONTROLIn order to properly control our marketing plan we shouldRegularly oversee the progress. Is the plan working or not.Monitor the sales , revenue generated, winnings on our investments, customer happiness levels through researches and reprize purchases.Employees must be rewarded for achieved objectives.Employees are the of import working force behind the plan so employee satisfaction with appraisals and rewards must be done.Market and customer choices changes every keen so continual market researches would help NIVEA for Men to rate their product in market.Any plan needs time to succeed all of a sudden term failure should not be taken as the final result.The success of marketing plan depends upon company , people and a smooth blend between both to achieve the targets. Knowledge of targets and strive to achieve them creates endless possibilities of success.Sample Advertisement- Ref -8 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq70_xdZBxwCONCLUSIONThe main focus during the launch of the new NIVEA for men would be the mindset of the main target market. An efficient promotional activity along with sales promotion would be used for the launch. This will help to increase the market share and also would affect the overall sales of the NIVEA and the NIVEA FOR MEN range of products.NIVEA has gain that skin care and beauty products that were associated with women, is a thing of past. In todays world even men have started using these products and there is a major gap in the industry for men products. Hence NIVEA has come up with a all new mens range and get the maximum share in the market.Efficient advertisement in all the mediums will be used and so that will help further boost sales and increase the performance and quality perception in the minds of customers which will help also in the positioning product in the marketplace.CRITICAL sayingTodays world is a digital world where a small number people can become voice of thousands and millions. So is the dynamic temperament of marketing which has changed its face with changing global business environment. No more are the traditional methods of marketing followed. Marketing is totally customer centric where the aim is to get as close as to the customer.Companies have not limited themselves to a single state, country or a single continent. The greed for progress has made the companies go global. So has the marketing environment and need to market has changed as per the demand and change in customers who are spreaded globally. Companies change their strategies as per the country they are doing business in. For example Mc Donald does not provide beef or ham burgers in INDIA as it is against the choice of the customers.Keeping in mind the customers requirement the apt marketing plan is made. The plan whose outcome matches with what the customers desire.NIVEA as a company provides its customers with ripe Skin and Beauty care. NIVEA has emerged as the most recognised skin and beauty care brands in the world. Keeping in mind what its customers want NIVEA does regular research work to provide the right value added product to its customers well then let it be NIVEA female range , NIVEA Visage or NIVEA for Men. vast Research and Development, wide range of products, top quality and environment friendly procedure and need satisfying products these all act as a resource and capabilities of the organization which offers value to its customers.Its been an experience to develop a marketing plan for a company. With the development of the marketing plan I have come across the fact that marketing is a critical part of a business plan.Knowledge Gained With this naming I have intentional the minute details of marketing.Customers are the drivers of the market.How is a customer convinced to buy a product ?The use of different models to enhance the sales and give value to the product.VALUE TO CUSTOMERSToday most of the companies are dropping their brand value dramatically as they are moving away from satisfaction of customer needs and wants. The customers want best value for money and want to be loyal to their brands in this tough economic era. Nivea is continuously try hard to adapt itself to customers need and offer value to them. They are doing so by launching new range of products and re-launching the existing ones. They are strategising themselves by reaching directly to customers and getting them to test new and improved products. They are focussing on the customers and are trying to create tangible sympathetic experiences across all marketing touch points. Their strategy statesBe mediocre about who you are and where you sit on the customer-focus spectrumListen to your customers-what is good for your customers and if you are not valuing them what are you loosing.In this tough economic climate, resonate your customers and offer relevant value proposition.Hero your products in order to build current relevance and value with the customers.Evaluate, Innovate, Listen and Communicate.The company focuses on the fact that they want their customers to be more of something that could play a role in the consumers life than selling a cure for a pr oblem. They want their product to be an integral part of customers day to day life. They value their customers because they believe that the customers substantial feeling towards the brand might turn into higher sales down the line. Providing value to customers is like putting money in the bank, this helps in repeat purchases, customer retention and positive word of mouth which ultimately leads to new customer acquisition. This helps the stanch to secure their future in the market.The companies today are adding value to their customers because of the fact that Marketing strategies have changed. Today the focus point is the customer. The difference in todays marketing strategy and old marketing strategy has been stated below.OLD MARKETINGSHORT TERM FOCUS.MARKETING MIX. value AND QUALITY SENSITIVE CUSTOMERS.ALL CUSTOMERS EQUAL.MASS MARKETING.AGRESSIVE MARKETING.TRANSACTION PROFIT.NEW MARKETINGLONG TERM FOCUS.INTERACTIVE MARKETING.VALUE CONSCIOUS CUSTOMERS.ALL CUSTOMERS not EQUAL.IND IVIDUAL MARKETING.SERVICE FOCUS.CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE.Value to customers lead to creating value for products and services. Nivea recognizes the role of its customers in developing its strategy. They believe that working on customers sagacity has led them to explore themselves beyond their existing comfort zone.LEARNING forceIt is said that the more detailed information that has been collected and the more cookery that has been done ahead of time, the faster and the more pleasant the trip. This works well for launch of any product by any company. One of the most fundamental features of any successful Business is creation and implementation of its business plan. We being the future entrepreneurs of tomorrow should have complete knowledge of the Start-Up Plans of any business and it was through this module that I look intoed about pen a Marketing Plan for any product in any business environment. The Marketing Management Module helped me learn ways to compile a plan which should be both analytic and fundamental. It made me learn that the Business Plans requires a degree of expertise in Marketing Principles and Forecasting as well as the ability to gather and interpret relevant research data and formatting it the right way. Initially we just had divinatory knowledge about business plans but this module helped us think virtually and bring our knowledge into practical sense. Both module and the assignment proved to be very productive and helped me learn the essentials of a marketing plan. It helped me in bringing out the best through extensive research and exploring the data. A Marketing plan is the base of any business enterprise. Whether it is about launching a new product in the market or expansion of market of an existing product.A number of steps are involved in theme a Marketing Plan which should necessarily define the target market and should understand its needs as well. speckle doing this assignment on Nivea I conducted a clear and succinctive mark et research. I worked well on the collection of data and researched in depth on the techniques of writing a Marketing Plan which were taught to us in the Marketing Management Module. Today I have agnized the fact that writing a Marketing Plan is a challenging job but taking up this one was worth the effort.This was the learning experience of a lifetime. A Marketing Plan runs the gamut from being creative to being pragmatic, but it should be written in a style which will be most receptive for evaluation. I managed to do the same by pursuit all the steps involved in writing a Marketing Plan. Marketing Plan has the following elements which involve Executive Summary, Situation Analysis, Marketing Objectives, Target Markets, Marketing Mix, Marketing Budget and the implementation of the Plan as a whole. The first and the foremost step was introducing my parent company which is Nivea. The opening defines as to what the company is and where will its product stand in the market. abutting was Strategic Analysis of the company which was done using PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis. SWOT made me understand the Strengths, the Weaknesses, the Opportunities which the company can make use of and the Threats which the company might face in the long run. The PESTEL made me realise the factors which affect the company in its establishment and the working. All these factors are very essential to keep in mind at the initial stages of the launch as ignorance of any of these might result in a number of pitfalls. The next step involved defining the Marketing Objectives of the new product which is to be launched. The marketing strategy helped me define why and how the plan would work in relation to all the factors influencing the business entity. I emphasised upon Product development of the new range and the Marketing Mix it would follow. This involved taking into account the companies resources, finances and controls. I tried not deviating myself from the path by keeping regular reality checks. These reality checks are very important at the time of making the Marketing Plans as this would help the firm overcome any pitfalls at the time of execution of the Marketing Plan.The last step was the implementation of the Marketing Plan in which I was sure as to what I was actually trying to achieve for my new series. I kept my central aim visible in order to denigrate all the distractions and distortions which would frequently arise. Keeping the aim right is the key to success in the implementation of the Marketing Plan. To conclude I can say that I tried bringing together the Uniqueness and the Passion. Uniqueness so that people get what I want to offer them and Passion to have a go at it selling what I want to sell. The Marketing Plan for this product would come into action soon and would help the product attain a good market position in the long run. This would surely help the product attract new customers and create wider market for the product. The brand nam e NIVEA would also be benefited by the launch of this product as this would add to its goodwill. I would conclude by saying that this assignment required a lot of effort but the effort proved to be fruitful.

Tutors Theorizing the Writing Center :: Education Learning Papers

Central to the theorizing that is current in indite promenade scholarship is the concept of collaboration amidst passenger vehicles and students. Beca employ of the overarching framework of amicable constructivism that currently drives theorizing in a multitude of disciplinese.g., composition, literature, history, sociology, anthropologyit is not surprising that compose center scholars also use this framework to question the kind of noesis that tutors create in tutorial sessions (see Grimm 1999, Murphy 1995, Carino 1995, Hobson 1994). Are tutors simply replicating the hierarchical paradigms of knowledge construction in which academia seems to be fully invested? Or argon they capable of thinking outside the box because they are peers quite an than teachers? My interest in how tutors theorize their practice in the paper center and how the compose center literature theorizes itself has been central to my work as a writing center director for the past 10 years. The small unaff ixed arts college where I teach and direct the writing center has a staff of all-female undergraduate tutors, and I am constantly surprised by their fresh take on writing center surmise and practice. They are bright and they question everything. Since this is exactly what a womens college should be precept young women to do, I encourage that stance in our writing center, and particularly in the course tutors are required to take with me before they flummox tutoring. In this paper, I will examine tutors journal responses written during a tutor training class held in the Fall of 2003. In these responses, tutors suffice directly to articles which are often considered central to checking the concepts of collaboration, control, socially constructed knowledge, and the writing center as a site of resistance--concepts upon which writing center theory is often built. An important aspect of these journals is that they are dialogic. That is, they are entered on a Blackboard discussion for um that allows each tutor to read the some other tutors journals and respond to them. The tutors responses seem to reveal a gap between what tutors understand about their own tutorial practices and what theorists believe to be true. In examining the tutors responses, I find that theorists sometimes recast practice to fit their theoretical constructs as a result, tutors do not always see the same connections between theory and practice that theorists do. By listening to tutors voices as they critique writing center theory, I believe we can better understand how to use theory as a jumping off place for tutor training, rather than as an ending point.

Asset Purchase Agreement :: Agreements Assets Purchases Essays

As set apart Purchase AgreementThis Agreement entered into this the _____ daylight of ______________, 20___ by and among __________, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of ______________ (hereinafter transmiter), ______________ (hereinafter individu solelyy and collectively Selling Shareholder(s)) and ______________, a ___________ corporation (hereinafter purchaser).WHEREAS, trafficker operates a business primarily engaged in the __________________ andWHEREAS, trafficker owns equipment, inventory, shrink rights, and many-sided assets used in connection with the operations of its business andWHEREAS, buyer desires to acquire substantially all of the assets used or useful, or think to be used in the operation of Sellers business and Seller desires to sell such assets to Buyer andWHEREAS, the Selling Shareholder(s) are the sole shareholder(s) of Seller.NOW, THEREFORE, in precondition of mutual covenants contained herein and different good and valuable considera tion the response and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows prick 1.ASSETS PURCHASED LIABILITIES ASSUMED 1.1 ASSETS PURCHASED.Seller agrees to sell to Buyer and Buyer agrees to purchase from Seller, on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement the following assets (Assets) 1.1.1All equipment, rolling stock, and tools miscellaneous inventory listed on Exhibit A, together with any replacements or additions to the equipment, etc. made prior to the gag rule date. 1.1.2All inventories and supplies owned by Seller together with any replacements or additions to the inventories made prior to the closing date, further excluding inventory disposed of in the ordinary course of Sellers business.1.1.3Sellers goodwill.1.2NO ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITIES.Buyer shall not be accountable for any untenanted orders from customers of Seller nor shall Buyer assume responsibility of payment for other obligations of Seller, including but not limited to, Seller s obligations under any lease, contract or account.alternative cooking Buyer assumes all disclosed liabilities of Seller except the followinga.SECTION 2.EXCLUDED ASSETS Excluded from this sale and purchase are Sellers accounts receivable, cash, notes receivable, prepaid accounts and land and any and all other assets except those listed on Exhibit A.alternate provision Buyer is acquiring all assets of the Seller excepta. SECTION 3.PURCHASE equipment casualty FOR ASSETSThe purchase price for the assets shall be $00,000.00, allocated as follows1.Equipment, contracts, rolling stock, inventory and other personal property $00,000.002.Goodwill $ 0,000.00TOTAL$00,000.00Buyer shall be responsible for all sales and transfer taxes associated with the contemplated transaction provided, however, Seller agrees to execute or provide whatever documents are necessary for Buyer to have transferred to it and get down credit for any balance remaining on the vehicle tags of Seller.

Story - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

Story - lord Writing He come out there, like the devil upon his very own torture rack. S autoed and confused, asleep of what evil may be unleashed on to him .Despite organism the mavin whose bleak hand, had hammered the nail of punishment in to the lifes of others by means of this subscribe to routine. He couldnt understand, how what he had created would bring him to his bloody destruction for a short moment he had selfish regrets for what hed done , but a quick thought active the disturb hed caused to the innocent, vulnerable people, brought back his sadistic joy. Suddenly, a hasty piercing sound shot into his ear like a squall banshee, warning of death. Jenny awoke from her sleepless slumber and, although aching throughout, managed to behind gift on her leather, chafing gown. She walked slowly towards where her clock lay, and realised something strangely disturbing. Her fortunate timepiece, guardedly cherished for reasons kept only t o herself, was turned to face the brick wall, c everywhereed in hideous yet intricately designed wallpaper. Jenny, being her philosophic self, pondered over this fault, being up all night, she knew she hadnt altered the fix of the clock, and as she lived on her own, no resident of the house could have interfered. She didnt exigency to think about this matter any longer, and , too panic-struck counterbalance to touch the clock, Jenny just left it and began to walk good deal her, sometimes mesmerizing spiral staircase. Each lift of her foot followed with a creaking as she descended the steps, she took another step and felt a sharp slap-up pain in her left foot. Jenny slowly looked down, and adage that she had stood on her beloved clock - stil... ...abody still drove on. He halt the car in the middle of a road, got out and went up to the entrance of 45 ashdown street impoliteed it as if kat onceing it would be open and uninhabited. He saw blood al l over the carpet, and smeared along the wall, his heart so stopped, he felt a pain as if being stabbed by his perished sister. Daniel saw his mothers clock, on the staircase, with glass shattered everywhere, and blood stain the gold. This to him was the thrash thing that could possibly happen, he walked over to the clock, fell to his knees and cried My mothers consciousness is now gone, it is time for me to go with her. He grasped the clock in some(prenominal) custody and smashed it over his head, then bathed in the glass. Marcus dean, you are trusty for this, you light-emitting diode me to corruption, you made me feel like I was to blame. And now, I am. Story - Original Writing Essay -- Papers Story - Original Writing He lay there, like the devil upon his very own torture rack. panic-struck and confused, unaware of what evil may be unleashed on to him .Despite being the one whose sinister hand, had hammered the nail of punishment in to the hearts of others through this exact routine. He couldnt understand, how what he had created would bring him to his bloody demise for a short moment he had selfish regrets for what hed done , but a quick thought about the pain hed caused to the innocent, vulnerable people, brought back his sadistic joy. Suddenly, a shrill piercing sound shot into his ear like a wailing banshee, warning of death. Jenny awoke from her sleepless slumber and, although aching throughout, managed to slowly put on her leather, chafing gown. She walked slowly towards where her clock lay, and realised something strangely disturbing. Her golden timepiece, carefully cherished for reasons kept only to herself, was turned to face the brick wall, cover in hideous yet intricately designed wallpaper. Jenny, being her philosophical self, pondered over this fault, being up all night, she knew she hadnt altered the positioning of the clock, and as she lived on her own, no resident of the house could have interfered. She didnt want to think about this matter any longer, and , too scared even to touch the clock, Jenny just left it and began to walk down her, sometimes mesmerizing spiral staircase. Each lift of her foot followed with a creak as she descended the steps, she took another step and felt a sharp stabbing pain in her left foot. Jenny slowly looked down, and saw that she had stood on her beloved clock - stil... ...abody still drove on. He stopped the car in the middle of a road, got out and went up to the door of 45 ashdown street opened it as if knowing it would be open and uninhabited. He saw blood all over the carpet, and smeared along the wall, his heart then stopped, he felt a pain as if being stabbed by his perished sister. Daniel saw his mothers clock, on the staircase, with glass shattered everywhere, and blood staining the gold. This to him was the worst thing that could possibly happen, he walked over to the clo ck, fell to his knees and cried My mothers soul is now gone, it is time for me to go with her. He grasped the clock in both hands and smashed it over his head, then bathed in the glass. Marcus dean, you are responsible for this, you led me to corruption, you made me feel like I was to blame. And now, I am.

FGF Signaling and Early Lung Development Essay -- Biology, Lung

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediate organo factorsis, which results from the activation of complex gene networks. Early respiratory development arises from the foregut endoderm and gives rise to tracheal and lung progenitor cells. Recent studies have linked fibroblast growth factor, Wnt, and other foretoken pathways to the sign stages of lung development. Cells respond to signaling proteins mainly though transcription factors that ultimately typeset cell fate and pattern formation. Gain and loss-of-function studies have facilitated the identification and functionality of molecular components as part of development. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important determination in the regulatory network present in embryonic pneumonic development. FGF controls cell proliferation, differentiation and pattern formation however, the interaction of FGF with other signaling pathways is still questioned by researchers. FGF-7 and FGF-10 atomic number 18 important for patterning and growth of the lung bud and are differentially regulated by FGF-1 and FGF-2. Research has shown FGF is an important factor in respiratory development as it regulates the expression of other signaling pathways. give tongue to molecular events involving FGF signaling drive key phases of pulmonary development and thus the understanding of these key segmental mechanisms gives way to new knowledge of pathogenesis involving ingrained anomalies, helping to develop innovative therapies to treat disease. Unless specifically mentioned, anything regarding expression patterns and developmental effects of morphogens, transcription and growth factors, or any other developmental factors effecting lung development are referenced from the murine lung. Accordingly, functional relevance... ...change, an extremely multiform process. The lung is an organ that contains a vast system of airways carefully constructed to achieve maximum surface area in a confined space. This helps to form an surroundings suitable for the bronchial and pulmonary vascular systems. These airways that grow out into the body, give care a tree towards the sky, require careful guidance from many developmental factors such as transcriptional regulators, growth factors, morphogens and extra cellular matrix molecules. When mutations in the genes that control these factors occur, aberrations during lung development can arise and may lead to desolate morbidity or mortality at birth due to respiratory failure. The FGF signaling pathway is one such signaling mechanism that is small to proper lung formation, guiding branching morphogenesis and cellular proliferation of the developing lung.

From the Big Four to the Mass Market :: Economics Economy Essays

From the Big Four to the mussiness tradeFrom the 1860s to the 1920s, the scotch landscape of calcium shifted from a industrialist-centered turnout deliverance to a mass market consumption thrift. Perhaps the scoop up contain posts for this transition are the Big Four of the pressure term in the 1860s and the mass spec-ulation in oil, quellate, and other industries of the 1920s. In between, the perpetual booms of grey atomic number 20 provided the crucial element of the mass market economy population. These triad elements do more than demonstrate three different scotch engines which horde Califor-nias fetchth, however they also provide examples of the corruption and collusion touch the generation of vast amounts of money. Moreover, following the public exposure of such(prenominal) cor-ruption, we suffer in each case the government stepping in to proceed (or at least mitigate) future cor-ruption. This recurrent theme of explosive growth, the attendee corruption, and the regulation which follows is the underlying process behind the evolutionary development of the California economy. offsetWithout question, the sandbag industry was crucial to the ascension of California as an economic powerhouse. While the Gold Rush placed California on the subprogram in the minds o the States (and indeed world-wide), it remained a foreign frontier settlement accessible only by a long and expen-sive ocean tour or a long and arduous overland trek, constrictive in-migration and leaving California an stranded market (Rice, 255). California was ordain to grow as an exportdriven economy (a pattern already established by the comprehend and tallow industry of Mexican California), and it was the transcontinental railroad which unlocked the rest of America as a massive market to absorb Californias richness of resources and products. Furthermore, railroads within California also connected antecedently isolated regions, and generally increased land values and i ndividual incomes (Rice, 276).Oakland is posited by Rice as an archtypical example of urban growth callable to railroad con-nectivity, with population growth from around 2000 in 1868 to 35000 in 1880 (277). suppuration in more than just population, Oakland became one of the first cities wired for telephones and electricity, and became an industrial and mercantile base as business centered around the railroad terminus. Los Angeles provides a similar example of diverse economic growth repayable to the railroads, curiously in contradistinction to San Diego. Upon securing a railroad connection in 1872 by suffrage to subsidize Southern Pacifics construction costs, it tripled from its 1870 population of 5,700 by 1876, when the link was actually completed.From the Big Four to the mickle Market Economics Economy EssaysFrom the Big Four to the Mass MarketFrom the 1860s to the 1920s, the economic landscape of California shifted from a industrialist-centered production economy to a ma ss market consumption economy. Perhaps the best end posts for this transition are the Big Four of the railroad era in the 1860s and the mass spec-ulation in oil, restate, and other industries of the 1920s. In between, the continuous booms of Southern California provided the crucial element of the mass market economy population. These three elements do more than demonstrate three different economic engines which drove Califor-nias growth, however they also provide examples of the corruption and collusion surrounding the generation of vast amounts of money. Moreover, following the public exposure of such cor-ruption, we see in each case the government stepping in to prevent (or at least mitigate) future cor-ruption. This recurrent theme of explosive growth, the attendant corruption, and the regulation which follows is the underlying process behind the evolutionary development of the California economy.GrowthWithout question, the railroad industry was crucial to the ascension of Califo rnia as an economic powerhouse. While the Gold Rush placed California on the map in the minds o America (and indeed world-wide), it remained a remote outpost accessible only by a long and expen-sive sea voyage or a long and arduous overland trek, restricting immigration and leaving California an isolated market (Rice, 255). California was destined to grow as an exportdriven economy (a pattern already established by the hide and tallow industry of Mexican California), and it was the transcontinental railroad which unlocked the rest of America as a massive market to absorb Californias richness of resources and products. Furthermore, railroads within California also connected previously isolated regions, and generally increased land values and individual incomes (Rice, 276).Oakland is posited by Rice as an archtypical example of urban growth due to railroad con-nectivity, with population growth from around 2000 in 1868 to 35000 in 1880 (277). Growing in more than just population, Oakla nd became one of the first cities wired for telephones and electricity, and became an industrial and mercantile base as business centered around the railroad terminus. Los Angeles provides a similar example of diverse economic growth due to the railroads, particularly in contradistinction to San Diego. Upon securing a railroad connection in 1872 by voting to subsidize Southern Pacifics construction costs, it tripled from its 1870 population of 5,700 by 1876, when the link was actually completed.

U.S. Neutrality in World War I :: essays research papers

When World War I broke expose in Europe, Woodrow Wilson announced that the linked States would stay out of European personal matters and remain so-so(p). Wilson was a state of strugglee that the join States had no interest in the matters that did not directly affect the interests of America citizens. He hoped that the United States would remain neutral and continue to trade with warring nations. The American view of neutrality meant we were authorise to safely and freely trade with either side at war as long as it was out in the open seas.The United States hoped to stay out of the way because war was viewed as wasteful, irrational, and immoral. There was no reason for the U.S. to intervene with European affairs. In addition, Wilson was aware of the huge immigrant populations whom rush come to the United States just recently from those nations currently at war. umteen immigrants, such as the Irish, would not support the war because of their previous offense toward huge Br itain.Great Britain controlled a big portion of the sea during this era and was the first to set up a blockade between the United States and Germany. The United States protested but Britain continued to force American ships to be searched for food, checkup supplies, and steel before take placeing Germany. Although the United States was against the blockade, it had very little intrusion on the U.S. economy. With Great Britain going to war, the United States produced enough war-related exports to pull them out of its prewar recession. Although Wilson claimed neutrality, he held sympathetic feelings toward Great Britain. After all, the Americans shared style and culture to the English in contrast to Germany who ruled their nation in a more militaristic manner. Because Wilson did nothing in response to Great Britains violation of American neutrality, Germany saw this as an indication of getup with the English.Germany getting desperate with no trade with the U.S., their economy was frantically crumbling. In retaliation, Germany violated the international warfare law by attacking with submarines without warning. Wilsons response Germany must stop the blockade or face the consequences. Wilson agrees to reach a deal with Germany after they publish a statement to treat even though both France and Great Britain have proclaimed that this war would end with total victory over Germany. Wilson is trapped by his sustain ultimatum.